Political Culture View: - Small gov. vs. services – prefer small and like services- Historically wary – uneasy b/c we were coming from oppression- New Deal? and modern Era Trust in government decline over time Political Efficacy – individual belief that citizens can affect what the government does.- Effect:  Less voting and fewer people running for office; no longer a real democracy. Political Awareness and efficacy- Low level of awareness Understanding how it works makes it easier to change Questions (random beginner ones)- 9 justices on supreme court- Democratic: Senate and white house- Republican: House of Representatives- Attorney General is the head of the department of justice- Paul Ryan was Mitt Romney’s running mate Citizenship- Being a part of a country- Informed and active membership in a political community Example; voting, following laws Government- Used to describe formal institutions through which land and people rules- 3 branches Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Bureaucracy- Needs: organization (stability w/ laws)Who Governs Autocracy: One person, king/queen- Single person controls/rules Oligarchy: small group controls governing decisions- Ex: military inner “government” Democracy: permits citizens to participate in governing process.How Much Control Constitutional Gov (least amount of gov control)- Formal/effective limited places on government’s power.- Rules must be formal/written and effective to count as a constitutional government Authoritarian Gov.- Gov. recognizes no formal limits, but may be restrained by the power of other social institutions- Ex: religion, labor unions; people strongly tied to them Totalitarian (most amount of government control)- Gov. recognizes no formal limits but seeks to absorb or eliminate other institutions that might challenge it.- Ex: China drives out religion; no one can challenge the government. You can combine the two, like autocracy totalitarian.  We are a constitutional democracyForms of Democracy Representative Democracy- System of government where populists (pple who represent ordinary pple) select representatives to play a significant role in government decision making.  Direct Democracy- System of rule that allows citizens to vote directly on laws and policies- Not on a national level but on a state level Pluralism- Theory that all interests are free to compete or influence in government.- Everyone should be able to try to get what they want.Political Culture Broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the government should function Differ b/t countries Principles- Liberty: Freedom Economic liberty: rally cry, no taxation without representation, linked to capitalism, free markets, and the protection of private property Personal liberty: freedom of speech, press, religion, etc- Equality Everyone has the same opportunities Equality Results:- Embraced by few Americans - be active in promoting those who don’t start well, usually don’t support the poor until it affects everyone- Democracy Political authority rests in the hands of the pple (popular sovereignty; placing power in the hands of the people ) Majority rule and minority rights: 50% of the vote wins, minorities havebeen discriminated against in the past so we try to protect them nowReview Questions What has happened to the size and scope of government over the last 100 years?- They have grown and increased involvement What has happened to citizen’s trust in government over the last 50 years?- It has declined greatly b/c of scandal, etc What is Political Efficacy and what has happened to it over the last 50 years?- Belief that people can influence the government and politics What is the difference between Autocracy, Oligarchy, and Democracy?- All who governs, Auto=one person, oligarchy: 2+ people, Dem: citizens play significant part What is the difference between Constitutional, Authoritarian, and Totalitarian governments?- All differ in how much control. Cons: Limits on powers of the government, powers must be written or expressed somewhere, Authoritarian: Government recognizes no formal limits but may be restrained by social institutions (ex: religion); Totalitarian: recognizes no formal limits and rids of social institutions Is the US a direct democracy or a representative democracy?- Representative: we elect people at national levelChapter 2Seeds of Discontent After French and Indian War, made acts to pay war debt and protect people Charge them for protection Stamp Act- Tax on printed items, had to use paper from London Sugar Act- 3 cent tax on sugar and molasses- Both acts united merchants and planters (2 different classes of people, boycotts)- East India Tea company Granted monopoly to British company British Response to Boston Tea Party- Government overreacted and made stricter rules (coercive acts a.k.a intolerable acts: no movement west which alienated planters who depended on access to western lands, closed harbor)British Response First Continental Congress 1774- Delegates wrote a list of grievances to the king- Agreed to meet later (in one year) to see if changes were made- Boycott of British goods Second Continental Congress 1776- King sent troops instead so a war broke out- The created the continental army, appointed George Washington to lead them- Sent an olive branch petition to ask politely (king rejected it)- Wrote the Declaration of independence Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union U.S’ first written constitution Confederation- The relationship b/t national gov. and states- States have the power (retain sovereignty)- Limited authority to an overarching national government- 13 Articles of Confederation- Legislature Unicameral: one house Each state received an equal (one)vote Can declare war, couldn’t regulate army they had to request it No tax or revenue from the states; Made own money No laws at a national level Must have unanimous agreement to make amendments- Executive Figure head, independent authority No national court system Adopted in 1777, ratified in 1781Articles to constitution Indian Confrontations- Hard to protect the border from Indian