POLS 1101 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 21-29Lecture 21Max Webers definition for bureaucracy was division of labor, a hierarchy which is run by a set of rules, impersonal, career system, and monitoring of subordinates by superiors. The bureaucracydoes the following: collects information, reduce coordination problems, and expands range of influence and control of individuals. Congress was wary of delegating too much power to the executive but they realized the impracticality of delegating too little. The President has shared power to appoint but sole power to remove. Congress usually delegates more power to the President when it comes to controlling bureaucracy’s because they don’t want to deal with certain things and take the blame if anything goes bad. However, Congress still has the power ofthe purse. It came to the point where bureaucracy had a bunch of corruption going on because of patronage and people not wanting to rat out their friends. The Pendleton Act of 1883 Changed this because it stopped people in charge from giving jobs to their friends but instead giving jobs based on merit. The problem though is that bureaucracies became less responsive tocitizens and elected officials. And it is hard to get rid of a civil servant unless they do a really badjob. The federal government expands due to the New Deal which leads to more bureaucracy. Because Congress is taking on more they start handing off more to bureaucracies and creating more of them. Congress also doesn’t want to take the blame for certain things so they shift the blame to bureaucracies. Bureaucracies can do things more efficiently and quicker. Treasury, State, Navy, and War were the first cabinet-level departments. Agencies were created to deal with certain groups. The executive agencies are independent. Regulatory Commission agencies have high levels of expertise and are designed to be independent. They are completely separatefrom the government so that if anything goes wrong the elected officials won’t be blamed. What is the difference between executive agencies and cabinet agencies? Independent Government corporations provide services for private sector companies and they have indirect administration by congress. Lecture 22Discussed old testLecture 23Bureaucracies administer policies created by the laws that Congress makes. Agency loss is delegated by congress to the executive branch. Civil servants must go through a screening and selection process before they can be hired. The longer serving civil servants absorb agency culture. They become experts and are harder to monitor due to them knowing more about theirpolicy area and technical issues than Congress. Bureaucrats become Politicians because they must maintain good relations, especially with Congress. The President can use carrots and sticksto control bureaucrats and even other elected officials, and Congress uses the budget to control the government. Iron triangles are alliance of bureaucrats, members of congress, and organized interest groups. Lecture 24Congress considered financial reform to tighten restrictions on Wall Street, bill barely did anything. Madison claimed that interests groups were good because there would be so many pursuing interests that the bad ones would be canceled out. Lobbyists go after specific interests.Lobbying solves collective action problems for people or groups wanting to influence public policy. The government sees that lobbying helps certain officials with support on legislation and information. The system is biased because money, information, access to authority, skill, bargaining power is distributed unevenly. The logic of collective action shows why some groups tend to win out over others. Groups that are better organized and more resources are more likely to win, these are usually groups from the private sector representing corporations. All interest groups have the problem of free riding. Lecture 25Interest Groups don’t always give the best information because that information always is from that interest perspective so it is biased. The interest group needs to have credibility or elected officials won’t want to work with them. To convince elected officials to vote for that groups plan, that group must show them how it benefits the official. In a Republican of Democratic Primary the runners in the election want to be on that parties extreme left side for democrats and extreme right for Republicans. But when it comes to the general election both politicians want to be as close to the middle as they can because they want as many votes as they can fromthe opposite side. Lecture 26Small interest groups are easier to organize because the transaction costs are lower and free rider problems are less severe. Each interest group is biased to their side. Some groups benefit from small groups of wealthy donors whereas, other groups benefit from a large number of small donations. Some groups overcome collective action problem by offering selective incentives-benefits that can be denied to individuals who don’t join and contribute. Insider tactics for interest groups is to wait outside politicians meetings and talk to them in between their meetings while they are walking or even buying them things so they can have a meeting for the politician. Outside tactics is grassroot lobbying or media. Usually the groups with less money use the outside tactics. Private interests usually hijack public authority because the big rich corporations have the most money to draw attention to their interests and what they want.Lecture 27There are Federal and State Courts. There are 3 federal district courts. Federal courts have limited jurisdiction and they are limited for efficiency. Federal courts can only hear cases over which they have subject matter jurisdiction. The Constitution defines judicial power as extending to cases and controversies which means that cases can’t be built off advisory opinions, parties must have standing, issues can’t be moot, no political questions, and courts must have personal jurisdiction. If you lose a court case than you can appeal to the court of appeals, the court of appeals has a 3 judge panel which is selected at random. The Writ of Certiorari gives the Supreme Court the power to pick and choose which cases they want to hear.Only 4 justices have to agree to grant a writ of certiorari. Federal judges are appointed by the president but they must first get advice and consent