1 Review Questions for EDHD 425 Test 2 The process of learning to read Phonological awareness 1 What are metalinguistic skills If a child says train is a long word and caterpillar is a short one what kind of problem is he she having metalinguistic skills the ability to think about to reflect on language If young children think the word train in long caterpillar is short then they are mistaking the word with the object action Train is a long word because a train is long Caterpillar is a short word because a caterpillar is short small 2 What do we mean by phonological awareness Describe the three levels of phonological awareness and one example for each phonological awareness the general ability to attend to or manipulate the sounds of language 3 levels of phonological awareness syllable awareness the ability to detect constituent syllables in words ex cowboy 2 syllables appears to be present at around age 4 onsets rime awareness the ability to detect that a single syllable can have two units onset and the rime ex detecting similar onsets in home horn hot present at about age 4 but may even emerge as young as 2 or 3 via nursery rhymes phonemic awareness the insight that words can be separated into a sequence of phonemes emphasizes that awareness of every constituent phoneme in words rather than the aware ex understanding that there are 3 phonemes or individual sounds in the word hot 3 How can we assess children s segmentation blending and manipulation skills at the phonemic level Give one example for each segmentation onset rime separation segmenting a vowel separating a cluster onset consonant cluster ex stop into constituent phonemes blending put sounds together manipulation skills add delete or otherwise move phonemes ex cloud take out the phoneme c you get loud manipulated word with phonemes 4 What is the difference between phonological awareness and phonics phonological awareness awareness of sounds ability to reflect think about be able to manipulate sounds phonics how sounds of speech are represented by letters spelling assumes that children have already acquired phonemics phonological awareness is the ability to manipulate sounds of language and phonics is the actual practice of putting sounds to letters and spelling ex phonemic awareness I know that in the word cat there is a k sound phonics I see the sound k can write the word cat 5 How do children develop phonological awareness during the preschool years 2 2 4 years old can play with sounds monitor correct speech errors can appreciate rhymes can appreciate alliteration onset awareness 5 6 years old can reliably identify rhymes alliterations can manipulate individual phonemes 6 Describe one type of research which demonstrates that phonological skills in young children are a causal determinant of reading success training study over a 2 year period the experimenters trained a group of 6 7 year olds to spot a common sound say it compared their reading progress to a group not trained in spotting the sound at the end of the project the experimental group was 3 4 months ahead of the control group in reading spelling no effect in math in sum training in phonological awareness helps children learn to read particularly when that training is combined with experience with alphabetic letters written words 7 Why does the process of learning to read promote phonological awareness the process of learning to read has 3 major accomplishments one is to understand the alphabetic system of English this means to learn to manipulate blend to sound out things to do this you must understand how language works with sounds phonological awareness 8 Explain the reciprocal relationship between phonological awareness and reading success training in phonological awareness helps children learn to read particularly when that training is combined with experience with alphabetic letters written words The process of learning to read Models of reading acquisition and skilled reading 9 What does emerging literacy mean emerging literacy the gradual process that takes place overtime from birth until a child can read write in a conventional sense 10 What is print awareness Please give 3 examples print awareness can name some book titles authors knows the parts of a book their functions begins to track print when listening to a familiar text being read 3 11 What do we mean by letter knowledge Why is it important for learning to read Is it sufficient letter knowledge recognizes can name all letters independently writes many letters letter knowledge is one of the best predictors of beginning reading achievement because one must understand the letters of a language in order to read the words the letters form it is sufficient no simply understanding the letters does not mean that one understands their sounds of the connections one needs to understand between letters sounds word formation 12 Describe the key features of the four stages of reading acquisition stage 1 logographic reading read whole words learn selective visual paired association ex dog a tail on g donkey a tail on y camel humps on m sometimes can be a particular letter pair oo in moon oo in look children use the visual cues in learning to read their first 40 words children at this stage often called cue readers stage 2 phonetic cue reading intermediate stage where children use phonetic values of the names of letters ex j l is jail g r f is giraffe usually first final letters are salient so they are used as cues primitive form of decoding this form of phonetic cues can cause trouble because sometimes the letters do not relate to the pronunciation of the actual letter g can be pronounced like you say the letter as in giraffe but it can also be a gu sound as in go stage 3 true alphabetic reading use complete letter sound correspondences the ability to pronounce pseudo words is a good measure ex Spiv zot stage 4 orthographic reading learn multi letter units ex rimes nest chest test syllables or morphemes attend to word specific orthographic spelling information silent letter words t in listen irregular words have said where 13 What are the two types of important knowledge children need for acquiring spelling skills Give one example to demonstrate these two types of knowledge children must learn to analyze how individual letters symbolize phonemic constituents in pronunciations must know how to segment pronunciations into phonemes must know the particular phonemes that the letters typically symbolize ex