EDHD425 Chuchu Li Study Guide for Final Exam 1 Language Theories a Structuralism vs Functionalism Competence vs Performance i Structuralism the form of utterance I want milk subj verb obj ii Functionalism the situation in which an utterance occurs I want milk followed by an event that milk is provided iii Competence Individual s knowledge of a language I am there yesterday iv Performance the actual instances of language use I am there yesterday confusion b Learning Theory Behaviorism empiricism Linguistic perspective nativism The viewpoint assumption of empiricism and nativism the supporting evidence and problems of them i Learning theory 1 Empiricists believe that language is simply a learned behavior 2 Focus on observable language behaviors 3 Learned through conditioning reinforcement 4 Receptive vocab classical conditioning hot feeling pain 5 Productive vocab operant conditioning say milk get milk 6 Supporting evidence a Language development as a result of training not maturation b An environment that is responsive to young children s utterance may foster children s language development 7 Problems a Adults don t say things like I breaked the glass b Multiple correction may still fail to correct mistake c Directionality of imitation ii Linguistic perspective 1 Born with ability to learn any language 2 Chomsky a Language acquisition device LAD a biologically based innate module for picking up language needs only to be triggered by verbal input from the environment b Universal grammar all the basic rules that underlie all human language 3 Nativists believe that critical aspects of language are innate simple learning or imitation 4 Supporting evidence a Similar patterns of development across many language b Overregularization c Lack of negative evidence d Critical period for language development 5 Problems a Cross language differences b Some aspects of grammar take forever c Differing language environments have effects on c Interactionist approaches development i Emphasizes the interaction between the environment biological cognitive development ii Piaget iii PDP iv Social 2 Biology a Lateralization i The left hemisphere is logic major responsibilities of language processing analysis math ii Right hemisphere is art emotion creativity thinking semantics iii Split brain patient right can see horse draw with left saddle b Different types of aphasia the corresponding problematic brain area and the symptoms i Brocas aphasia controls language production you need to speak ii Wernickes aphasia responsible for interpreting language you need to 1 Good comprehension 2 Difficulty with pronunciation 3 Telegraphic speech 4 Receptive but not productive understand 1 Fluent speech 2 Nonsense words 3 Poor comprehension iii Arcuate fasciculus conduction aphasia 1 Unable to repeat a word 2 Poor comprehension 3 Transfer information between broca s and wernickes area a How do children differ in early words segmentation early sentences and stability 3 Individual Differences of style i Expressive children 1 Early lexicons include more pronoun and function words 2 More personal social expression 3 Unclear transition from single word to phrase stage 4 Slower but steadier rate of acquisition ii Referential children 1 Early lexicons are dominated by words for objects 2 Sudden spurt of new words near the 50 level word 3 Faster rate of acquisition 4 More common in children iii Segmentation 1 Semantic cues 2 Lexical knowledge 3 Phonotactics 4 Acoustic cues 5 Word stress the initiation stressed words are segmented faster than medial stressed words CORidor vs confusion 1 Analytic style predict advanced grammatical development 2 Holistic style not quite ready with future grammatical iv Stability of style development examples b Factors that contribute to above differences being able to give your own i Child factors style sensitive to sound memory willingness to talk ii Input factors SES Linguistic factors goals Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation c i Differentiate between different motivation ii iii Extrinsic the source of motivation comes from environment cute guy Intrinsic the source of motivation comes from oneself cook great meal Spain d Being able to set a goal based on the four principles Specific Moderately difficult Attainable Match the motivation i Specific ii Moderately difficult iii Attainable iv Match the motivation 4 Bilingualism a The definition or description of different types of bilinguals i L1 first language ii L2 second language iii L1 L2 balanced bilingual iv Unbalanced second language learners L1 D v Second language learners additive bilingualism gain a second language while retaining a first L2 treated as an asset vi Heritage Speakers subtractive bilingualism lose fluency of a first language when acquiring a second one b The benefits of being a bilingual better cognitive control ability i Better cognitive control ability ii Better ability to inhibit unrelated information accomplish task more easily c Critical period theory including the evidence that support this vs the benefit of late L2 learners i There was a neurologically based critical period ending around puberty complete mastery of a language is no longer possible before puberty ii Evidence 1 neurological evidence 1 FMRI measure oxygenation are determine which neural areas are activated 2 Monolingual Spanish Speakers 3 Brain activity early Spanish speakers learner more similar to native Spanish speakers iii Evidence 2 semantic network 1 Parallel bilingual interdependent lexicon similar size 2 Early bilingual independent lexicon smaller for L2 3 Late bilingual mixed lexicon smaller for L2 d Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis and the examples of language transfer i First language literacy skills helps second language literacy acquisition ii Hypothesis once the child develops reading skills in the native language they are able to transfer to second language Spanish is highly correlated with English phonological awareness and reading skills iii Positive transfer two language share the same feature word order iv Negative transfer the feature is different in two language you knowledge about first language interferes in second language John is eating an apple subj verb obj e Bilingual and English only educational program pros cons i Content area knowledge is enhanced and accelerated by the use of L1 ii Children who receive translational bilingual education show better English literacy outcomes compared to English only f Recommendations to