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Philosophers1. Socrateso Wisest person is one who admits he knows nothing.o Questions people in authority or who have high reputations.o Dialogue helps discover the truth from within uso An educated person is one who knows his/her limitationso is realistic about their intelligenceo can identify flaws in their reasoningo The Socratic Method- constant questioning for critical thinking leads to knowledgeo asking and answering questions, talking to those with opposing beliefso learn through yourself and otherso Unexamined life is not worth livingo purpose of human life is for personal and spiritual growth and we do this throughself-examination and reflectiono Called a midwife and “gadfly”o Method was controversial at the time and he was killedo Idealismo Truth and wisdom lie with the gods2. Platoo Debate to find the truth--dialectical processo method for resolving disagreement between people with different points of viewo Allegory of the cave- we look at things and think they are the real thing but they are only representations of the real thingo people believe what they see (shadows) but it is the educator’s job to teach what is real and expose new ideaso Theory of Forms- objective standards to decide what is real and what isn’to what is the idea of something?o idea vs a representation of an ideao Educational hierarchy- wanted society stratified based on educational levelo republican society, utopiao how to solve society’s problems- philosopher kings (most educated, wise and all-knowing), then protectors, then worker beeso goal of education was to identify and guide a few gifted few to the truth and to sort and socialize those less intellectually gifted into lesser roles in lifeo From belief to true knowledgeo Idealismo Truth is within us.o Improve societyo deductive reasoning- general to specifico thinking and reasoning3. Aristotleo Observation and analysis will lead to the truth.o Knowledge through observationo There is an absolute truth that comes from nature- we must look outward to find ito Intellectual and moral virtue leads to actualization.o Humans are unique because they can ask questions and seek answers.o Human essence is to contemplate and questiono Humans must understand the world and their role in it.o Achieve happiness by fulfilling our essence.o learning to become virtuous is a necessary part of becoming educatedo used inductive reasoning and realismo reasoning and contemplating- the way one arrives at happinesso students were called peripatics because he taught by walking aroundo we have to strive to be the best humans we can beo “The golden mean” will help form good habits- everything in moderation leads to virtue, act with reason4. John Lockeo Tabula rasa- child can be molded into a good citizeno Individuals are born as blank slates without built-in mental contento their knowledge comes from experience and perceptiono need to learn from society (society makes the man)o 4 elements of educationo Virtue**- most important, worship God and treat others with respecto Wisdom- handle affairs/ business affairs in a fair, prudent wayo Breeding- ability to handle yourself in social situationso Learning- learn from experience if we have above threeo Experiences- how we are educatedo Teacher is authorityo Social contract- give up liberty for good of societyo Need to form good habits when we are young (to be good, wise, virtuous people) even if we do not understand it at the time because we will be easier to make meaning of it when oldero Parents should teach by exampleo Education= outward learning5. Jean- Jacques Rousseauo Self reliance- should learn on your own through necessity and senseso Negative education- we learn through experience and follow natureo Child should learn from nature before he enters formal educationo Humans are born good and get corrupted by societyo Arts and sciences create unnatural, evil boundarieso Progress puts restraints on freedomo Increased knowledge takes away natural innocence and primitivenesso Men and women are differento Women are subservient and should be taught to please meno First one to be child-centeredo Don’t present kids with stuff too early because they won’t understand ito Wanted to properly educate future generations to reform corrupt societyo Proposed education system aimed at making a good citizen6. Catharine Macaulayo Proper education should promote genderless virtueso Benevolence- goal of educationo The more you give the happier you’ll beo Promote happiness in otherso Virtue over viceo Good education fosters reason and benevolenceo Integrate masculine and feminine traitso Men and women are the same but influenced by societyo There is one human essence, so all people should have same educationo Everyone should be more equalo Everyone has both masculine and feminine qualitieso Believed in having a well-rounded educationo Learn through experience and example7. Thomas Jeffersono Leaders should be properly educated, virtuous intellectuals/men of charactero Should remain accountable to the people they serveo Influence over government must be shared by all people (everyone should participate in authority to avoid private desires for wealth)o Only educated people can create/maintain government to safeguard libertyo People are the ultimate guarders of their own libertieso Education preserves freedom and it is the government’s responsibility to educate childreno Separation of church and stateo State should neither promote nor impede the free exercise of religiono Advocates reading history to recognize tyranny and the life you wanto Everyone should be taught reading, writing, common arithmetico Wait to teach children religion because their judgments are not mature yeto Education is more than a familial responsibility- must be a societal responsibility8. Horace Manno Thought education was the great equalizero Education can create new treasures and new wealtho Education gives each man the independence and the means by which he can resist the selfishness of other men (prevents men from becoming poor)o One class should not hold the wealth and education while the other is ignoranto advocated for the common school as a means of providing all children with the same common knowledgeo wanted to common schools to change future generations and cure the ills of the new industrialized nationo Educating children equally was the first way to improve society because their minds areopen and willing to accept new ideaso children


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UMD EDHD 425 - Philosophers

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