FINAL STUDY GUIDETwo types of Afro-Cuban music:o Sacred music in the santeria ceremonyo Secular dance music- Four main focuses of Cuban music:o Nueva trovao Cuban hip hopo Santeria (folkloric and religious)o Cuban reggaetono Cuban sono Cuban salsa- Similarities and differences between:o Cuban hip-hop and U.S mainstream hip-hopo Cuban hip-hop and Cuban reggaetono Nueva trova and Cuban hip-hopo Folkloric santeria and Religious SanteriaGENERAL CUBAN HISTORY- Capital= Havana- Socialism- political and economic system- Cuba ruled by communist party, but they are socialist- Old Havana has become tourist attraction since 90s- Many Latin American countries developed their own versions of instruments- (such as tres- 3 string guitar) leading to country nationalism- 1898o Spanish-American War o US gov’t involved in Cuban politics-”puppet government” o US wants to secure natural resourceso Havana a tourist destination o Cuba government promotes the Son as a national symbol - 1959o Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro & Che Guevera overthrow the current government  Attempt to minimize class differences and race distinction Nationalized economy –Cuba took ownership of its own government and the US got upset Eliminated Discrimination  Socialist Government run by Communist party- 1989o Cuba puts a lot of $ into the arts\o Cold war endso Economic crisiso cuba has to embrace aspects of capitalism to survive (socio capitalism)o Return of tourismo (Didnt he say something about the dependence on tourism institutions, including prostitution and tourism music)SUB SAHARAN MUSIC FEATURESo Ostinato-phrase that repeats over and overo Call and response-respond to each othero Core and elaboration-parts that are steady and repeated, the parts that add variationo Interlocking- overlapping of sounds- when one is playing the other is noto Thick, dense sound- WHY AFRO CUBAN TRADITIONS SOUND MORE AFRICAN THAN US AFRICAN TRADITIONSo Greater retention of African music in Cubao Different policies regarding slavery during colonial periodo West African tradition with Catholicism- religious syncretismo Cubiertos in Cuba-mutual aid societies after slaves bought freedom, could practice musical traditions out in the openCUBA COLONIAL PERIOD US COLONIAL PERIODCULTURAL POLICY Allowed to celebrate their ethnicculture (musical and religious festivities)- flexibleRepressing their ethnic culture- repressiveETHNIC POLICY Mutual aid societies- divide the blacks along ethnic and religiouslines for less revolts- help peopleof the same ethnic groupsMix of Africans of different ethnicitiesSLAVERY Slaves could buy their freedom Not easy to buy freedomRELIGIONS Syncretic belief system; mixture of Catholic, Methodism, and West African traditional religionNot encouraging any belief systems of Africa, Santeria flourished in mid 20th century in US and sacrifice legalized in 1993IMPORT OF SLAVES Mainly 1800-1860 Reduced by 1800LANGUAGE Mixture English(CONT) In Cuba, music was preserved via religious ceremonies and cultural elementso 1. in countries colonized by Spanish, slaves could purchase their freedom (manumission)resulted in communities of freed slaves and mutual aid societies (cabilvos) organized according to ethnicity, people could practice their traditions freelyo 2. differences between catholic and Protestant missionization strategies (how to force slaves to adopt their religion) encouraged syncretism for Catholics while Protestants made Africans drop their beliefs and adopt Protestant oneso 3. slavery lasted longer in Cuba than in US in terms of the slave trade and the number of slaves arrivingo 4. In Cuba, slaves were encouraged to organize around their ethnicity (maintain their ethnicities in cubiertos), while this was discouraged in the US so the slaves would not unifyand revolt- US also encouraged rivalries among ethnic group/ split up families to maintain control- Rumba- secular, pelvic thrust dance associated with itRUMBA VS SANTERIASANTERIA RUMBAINSTRUMENTS Conga, cowbell, tambourine Conga, tapped sticks, lead singerand chorusSTYLE -call (lead vocalist) and response(crowds in circular formation) --core and elaboration (improv on lead drummer) --polyrhythmic --talking drum- call and response (between lead singer and chorus --polyrhythmic --core (clave rhythm by sticks) and elaboration (improve by conga and singer) --use of nonsense syllablesORIGIN Brought to Cuba from Africa Originated in Cuba in late 1800sCONTEXT Religious (sacred) Fiesta, social gatherings, secular,folkloric contexts such as competitions or showsFUNCTION For a status of trance and possessionentertainment- RUMBA VS SON o Rumba- no trumpets or bass, all percussiono Son- trumpets, bass, mixed instrumentation(helps unify)o Both have clave (core) and bongos (elaboration), call and response as singing CUBAN HIP HOP- historyo Government supports ito Emergence in post 89 era after Soviet Union collapsedo Cuba loses big ties with Soviet Union, causes economic crisis, after 89 was a special periodbecause they had to embrace aspects of capitalism in order to survive so they were socio-capitalisto Things came back to cater to tourists- prostitution, contemporary forms of son- othero Perform for local community centers- try to make it participatory with wholesome family entertainment, allow free-styling for audience members who come onstageo THEMES- constructive criticism, lyrics consistent with socialist ideology of anti-materialist, do the right thing because it’s the right thing, lets make Cuba better and stronger, everyone is supposed to be equal so eliminate racismo Use socialist symbols- show that there is no question of political orientation and they are onthe right sideo Socially conscious rap- don’t talk about sex or violenceo Unity of people comes up a lot (of people of African descent, of all Cubans, socialists, socially conscious artists)o Government funding, but never harassedo Originated in poor areaso CHE GUEVARA- prominent symbol of idealism (hardcore Marxism)- everyone trying to be like him- quote him in songs Was the reason for the victory at Santa Clara Revolution is like love- commit 100% or it won’t work he died young and is viewed as a Martyr right hand man of Fidel CastroCUBAN REGGAETON- Criticized in Cuba because it is the opposite and enemy of hip hop- Dance/party music that embraces