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1. What is language and reading? Are they the same or different?Language is a set of symbols and rules that are used for the purpose ofcommunication. Specifically language refers to the spoken form. It has sounds, meaning, structure, and social rules. A big aspect of language is that it can define a culture. Reading on the other hand is the process of mapping out spoken form into written form. It is a process of de-coding and changing oral words to printed out words. I think language and reading are the same because reading is a form of language, and reading shares a lot of the same qualities. In reading there is sound, meaning, and structure as well. 2. What does the term psycholinguist mean?A psycholinguist is a combination between a linguist and a psychologist. Their purpose is to see if what linguists say refers to anypsychological reality. For example; a linguist makes things plural: kiss> kisses. A psycholinguist would say that this shows that speakers have a “rule” for the formation of plural. They would ask why people did this and how do people acquire it. 3. Give two examples of language and research methods?a. Equipment: people are using things like audio records and small video cameras. However, along with this must come a written transcription that can be used for analysis. This means that you must write down everything that happens on tape. b. CHILDES: Children Language Data Exchange System. A type of computerized children language database. Contains CHAT (different computerized programs), and CHAT (rules how on how to prepare transcripts of language)c. Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional studiesd. Observations 1. What are two major categories of our speech sounds and their features? Givetwo examples of each. What is a phoneme?a. Vowel: sounds that are made with a unobstructed vocal tract. Different vowel sounds depend on different articulators (place of tongue, how wide your jaw is, etc…) Ex: “ee” in Cheese makes a persons mouth form a smile, “A” in about makes a persons mouth openb. Consonant: sounds that are made with a constricted vocal tract so that no air is released. Classified by place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. a. Ex: Stop: made with tightest vocal tract constriction (p,b)b. Nasal: produced through nose (m,n)-What is a phoneme? A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound. It can be voiced or unvoiced and is known for contrasting sounds in a language. Has no meaning by itself. Ex: Pet & Bet (phonemes p & b) if you change the phoneme, you change the word2. What is a syllable and its components? Describe two examplesA syllable is a phonetic unit larger than a phoneme. It is composed of an onset and a rime. The onset is the beginning consonant or group ofconsonants, which the rime is the ending syllable. Ex: Clock, Bat3. Describe the relationship between letters and sounds (phonemes) in English using two examples?There are 26 letters and over 40 sounds in the English language. Letters are written symbols for sounds. There is multiple spellings for the majority of our sounds. EX: f in fat, or “ff” in cough = ghNo one-to-one correspondence between a letter and a sound. EX: the “a” in farm, fat, freak, flap….all sound different. 4. What is phonotactics? Can you think of two words that violate the English phontactics?Phonotactics are the rules that govern how words combine to form sentences. In the English language, two stop consonants cannot begin a word (ex: rj) We can have words like plot or true, but not rtue or lpot. There are no two words that violate the English phonotactics, because if there were than they would not be real words5. Describe infant’s ability to perceive speech sounds – what can they do?1-3 months an infant can discriminate between certain speech sounds. Can recognize the difference between p and b in pah and bah.After 3 days an infant can recognize and prefer to hear their mothers voiceBefore 6-8 months, children can discriminate different sound pairs that are not in their native language.After 6 months: children begin to lose ability to differentiate sound pairs that are not in native language. Suggests that experience is necessary. 6. What are the characteristics when young children (ages 1-2) learn to produce sound sequences? Children begin to pronounce sound sequences similar to parents by imitating, repetition, and practice. To make it easier, children simply complex syllable structures by dropping certain sounds. > Water =WaWa. Children also substitute sounds. They replace certain manners of articulation. That > Daet Little > Wlto1. Can we call “sun” another name, like “moon?” Why?Yes. Words are arbitrary signs that signify referents. This means that a referent (the thing) is named by a personal prerference. It is only social convention and people agreeing upon a name that gives something a name. We know that red lights mean stop…but blue lightscould mean stop too. 2. How do young children link words and their referents? Children first words have a less-than arbitrary relation to their referents.. Trains = choo choos, Dogs = woof woofs. They see words and their referents to be intrinsically related. In the beginning, to them objects have one name and one name only. They also may only refer to their dog as being a dog, but eventually realize that that word dog is universal. 3. What is the receptive and productive vocabulary?Receptive: words that children can understandProductive: words that children can pronounceEasier for children to understand words than pronounce them4. What are the characteristics of early semantic development? Provide one example for each.1. Fast-mapping: after only one exposure to a new word, children can apply it to an underlying concept. 4 legged furry thing = rabbit.2. Overextention: apply a new concept to more thingsthan the adult meaning of the word applies to. Applies word to a wider collection of objects and events. Ex: “bye bye” when greeting someone, or acotton ball is snow3. Underextention: apply use of new word too narrowly. Cat is only their cat4. Invented Words: first graders/preschoolers may invent words to serve as meaning. “What do you call a man that zibs for a living?” Does not really use derived words like adults, but usually makes compound words > “zibman”5.What do we mean when we say a definition of a word? How do children learn to define words?A definition of a word is


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UMD EDHD 425 - Notes

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