Introduction/Overview1. What is language and reading? Are they same or different?a. Language: a system of symbols and rules used for the purpose of communicationsi. Has sounds (phonology)ii. Meaning (semantics)iii. Structures (morphology/syntax)iv. Social Rules/Culture (pragmatics)Can define a culture. Different cultures have different languages and ways of expressing things. -Spoken & written language- Language refers to the spoken form of language (oral/auditory communication)- Symbols need to be abstract – our words/sounds are sets of symbols-Without a clear set of rules a system cannot be considered a language-Requires a high level of abstract thinkingb. Reading: the process of mapping spoken form to written form (visual form) of the language -Oral words to printed out words-de-coding/sounding out letters to form a word-Shares many language properties* sounds* meanings* structures-Reading is a learned behavior2. What does the term psycholinguistics mean?- Linguists and psychologists combined to study language or reading - Investigate whether the systems described by the linguist had psychological reality in mind of speakers o Linguistic people: make plural words; kiss > kisseso Psycholinguistic people: show that speakers have a “rule” for formation of plural  Think like “how do children acquire this?” “How do adults?”3. Examples of language and reading research methods (only choose two)a. Equipment:i. Cassette audio recordersii. Small video cameras iii. Transcription of the data for analysis1. Writing down as exactly as possible everything that is said on the tape. b. Cross-sectionali. Use two or more groups of participantsii. Study simultaneously many children in each of different age groupsiii. Make it possible to obtain a great deal of data about a large number of participants in a short timec. Longitudinal i. Follow individual participants over time ii. Expensive and time-consuming iii. Can provide fine and accurate data about what happens to individuals during course of language development d. CHILDESi. Child Language Data Exchange Systemii. Web-based and available without cost to researchers everywhereiii. Allows data sharing among researchersiv. Computerized child language database v. Major resource for language development researchers; Contains…1. Rules for Transcription (CHAT)2. Computer programs for analyzing language (CLAN)3. A database of language transcripts e. CLANi. Part of CHILDESii. Child Language Analysisiii. Can operate on any or all speaker’s output and can automatically derive the mean length of utteranceiv. COMPUTERIZED PROGRAMSf. CHATi. Codes for Human Analysis of Transcriptsii. Part of CHILDESiii. Contains rules for how to prepare transcripts of language that can be analyzed by computer programs g. Observationsi. Observe children’s language and reading activities in natural settingsPhonological Development-Phonology: the study of the sound system of language. That sounds that language uses, as well as the rules for their combination. - English has over 40 sounds1.What are two major categories of our speech sounds and their features? Give two examples of each. - Vowel * sounds are made with an unobstructed vocal tract * different vowel sounds come from different positions of different articulators (how wide jaw is open; whether lips are pursed or relaxed)* “CHEESE” the “ee” makes people smile* “a” About: opens mouth -Consonant* sounds made with constricted vocal tract* Further classified by:1. Place of articulation (which articulators are involved)- made with lips: bilabial- sounds made with the tongue in contact with the alveolar ridge. Tongue on or near side of gum between teeth: alveolar- sounds articulated with lower lip: labiodental- sounds made with the tongue lightly touching upper teeth: interdental- Tongue near or contacting the hard palate: palatal- Back of tongue touches the velum: velar 2. Manner of articulation1. Fricatives: produced by airstream friction in the mouth : f, s, v, z2. Stops: made with tightest vocal tract constriction. Producedwith upper and lower articulators pressed together so no air can escape from the mouth: p, b, t, d, k, g3. Nasals: produced through nose: m,n 4. Glides: more constriction than vowel: often called semivowels: j, w5. Liquids: made with a little more constiction than glides, butstill not enough to cause friction: r, l3. Voicing- “voiced”: produced though vocal cord vibrations…ORo can be sung or hummed- “voiceless”: p-b, t-d, f-v, s-z2. What is a phoneme?- A speech sound that can signal a difference of meaning- Contrasting sounds in a language- The smallest sound unit - Has no meaning by itself* two similar speech sounds p and b represent different phonemes in English because there are pairs of words with different meanings that have the samephonetic formex: pet and bet (p & b = separate phonemes)- changing a phoneme will turn one word into another3. What is a syllable and its components? Describe two examples? - a phonetic unit larger and more stable than a phoneme- Consists of an ONSET and a RIME, and a rime in turn consists of a vowel and final consonant - ONSET:o The initial consonant or group of consonants in a syllableo Bo CL- RIME:o The remainder of the syllable o ATo OCK4. Describe the relationship between letters and sounds (phonemes) in English using two examples?- Letters are the written symbols for sounds- English has 26 letters and over 40 soundso Can be no one-to-one correspondence between letter and sound. (a: fat, fate, farm, flat, freak…a pronounced different)- Mulitple ways of spelling almost any given sound (f in fat, can also be spelled ff,ph and gh (cough))- Linguistics refer to spoken words are composed of speech sounds, phones, or segments rather than letters- IPA is a means of representing the 200 sounds found in languages 5. What is phonotactics? Can you think of two words that violate the English phonotactics? - Phonotactics: the rules that govern permissible sound combinations. (learning the rules of phonotactic arrangement is very important in phonological development)o True and Plot…not rtue and lpoto No two stop consonants at the beginning of a word (rj)o Can begin with tr or pl…but cannot end with them6. Describe infant’s ability to perceive speech sounds – what can they do?a. 1-4 months: infants can discriminate distinctions between speech soundsi. Ex: /b/ and /p/ in bah, pahb. 3 days: can