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**What is phonology?The study of the sound system of the language. The sounds that the language uses, as well as the rules for their combinationThere are around 200 sounds used in languages throughout the world. No on language makes use of all 200 soundsEnglish has over 40 different sounds*What is the relationship between letters and sounds in English? (Between phonology and the actual spellings)Letters are the written symbols for soundsEnglish has 26 letters for over 40 soundsAs there can be no one-to-one correspondence between letter and sound – “a”: about, fat, fate, farm, fall, says… (the a is pronounced differently in different words)Linguists therefore refer to words as being made up of speech sounds or segments rather than lettersThe IPA is a means of representing the 200 sounds found in languages, including the over 40 found in English (p. 64)*Classifying Speech SoundsTwo major categoriesVowelsSounds made with an unobstructed vocal tract (about 16), ex: /ae/ in cat, /I/ in bidConsonantsSounds made with the constricted vocal tract (24), ex: /p/ and /t/ in putConsonants are further classified by:Place of articulationMade with lips: bilabialPlace tongue on or near the ride of gum between teeth: alveolarLabiodental, interdental, glottal, palatal, verlarManner of articulation“stop” consonants: p, b, t, d, k, g, upper and lower press“fricatives”: produced by airstream friction in the mouth; f, v, s,z“nasals”: produced through nose: m,n“glides”: more constriction than vowels-semivowel: j,w“liquid”: more constriction than glides, no friction: r, lVoicing“voiced”: produced through vocal cord vibrations, otherwise “voiceless”: p-b, t-d, f-v, s-z**What is a Phoneme?Phonemes are defined as the contrasting sounds in a languagePhoneme is the smallest sound unitHas no meaning by itself (in general)Changing a phoneme will turn on word into anotherEx: lot:rot - /l/ & /r/ are two distinct phonemes**What is a syllable?A phonetic unit larger and more stable than phonemeA syllable consists of an onset and a rime, and a rime in turn consists of a vowel and final consonant (s)Onset (initial consonent) > Syllable > rime > combines vowel & final consonantEx: Cat = one syllable word onset= c rime= at*Suprasegmental featuresSuperimposed on the sequence of vowels and consonantsTwo major features: pitch (tone), stressTONE: same sequence of phonemes with different tones in meaningSTRESS: content words have stress in one of their syllables*Phonotactics: Are there words that are impossible?Blink or bnick?Phonotactics – are the rules that govern permissible sound combinationsTrue and plot but not rtue or lpotNo two stop consonants at the beginning, pbLearning the rules of phonotactic arrangment is an important component in phonological development*Phonological Development StatesEarly perception of speech soundsInfants (1-4 months) can discriminate sound pairsEx: /b/ and /p/ in bah, pahInfants (3 days) can identify and prefer listening to own mothers voiceInfants can also discriminate sound pairs not used in their native language (before 6-8 months)Suggests born with this sound distinction abilityInfants gradually lose their ability to detect sound pairs not used in their native languages (about 6 months later)Suggests language experience is importantBabbling (6-15 months)Vocalize randomly and coo: produce vowel-like soundsBabbling: vocalize sound sequences that are meaningless, but patterned. Ex: /baba/ /mama/Used and not-used consonants in babbling (from over 15 countries)Used: 6 stops, 2 glides, 2 nasalsNot-used: 7 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 liquidsLearning to produce phonemes (ages 1-2)Babbling shades into early speechToddlers produce those sounds they babbledBabbling is dominated by stops, nasals, and glides, with a few fricatives and affricates and no liquidsChildren take a few years to learn to articulate correctly the phonemes, with better performance on vowels than consonantsLearning to produce sound sequences (ages 1-2)By imitation, repetition, and practice, children learn to approximate their pronunciation of sound sequences to that of adultsChildren simplify complex syllable structures by dropping certain soundsThe final C in CVC: boot > /bu/, ballOne C in C clusterAn unstressed syllable: not focused, so dropped.The final syllable while repeating the initial CV syllable: water /wawa/Children also substitute sounds – an easy, consonant for a difficult one.Stops for fricatives, that > /daet/Glides for liquids, little > /wIto/Children may mispronounce sounds that they can correctly perceiveSensitivity to phonotactics (aged 3-4)Preschool children are sensitive to some phonological rules**SUMMARY**early perception of speech sounds (1-4 months)Babbling (6-15 months)Learning to produce phonemes (1-2 years)Learning to produce sound sequences (1-2 years)Sensitivity to phonotactics (3-4 years)**Important: phoneme, stress, pitch, onset, rime* Guideline for CYC Visit ReportBrief description ofThe time, the age group (the class)The number of students and teachers in the class (the numbers of girls and boys)The cultural backgroundDescription of the main language activity you observed that you can connect to our class contentPhonological development?Semantic development?Morphological development?Brief summary of what you learned from this visit* WHAT IS LANGUAGE?Sign language, non-verbal, facial expressionsCan define a culture. Different cultures have different languages and ways of expressing thingsCommunication; honey-bee dance.Sometimes twins can develop a language between them that nobody else understands.Spoken & written language* Generally, language is a system of symbols and rules used for the purpose of communicationshas sounds (phonologly)has meaning (semantics)has structures (morphology/syntax)has social rules (pragmatics)* Specifically, language refers to spoken form of the language – spoken language (oral/auditory communication)* Symbols needs to be Abstract, arbitrary*Without a clear set of rules a system cannot be considered a language*Social Rules; culture*Our words/sounds are sets of symbols. Very abstract symbols. Our numbers are as well.*Language requires a high level of abstract thinking*WHAT IS READING?De-coding, sounding out the letters to form a wordMapping between written symbols and your sound symbols*Reading refers to the process of mapping spoken form to written form (visual form) of the language.Oral Words to printed out/kaet/ > c a


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UMD EDHD 425 - University of Maryland

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