EDHD425 FINAL Phonological Awareness Reading is a multifaceted process o 3 major accomplishments Understand the alphabetic system of English Obtain meaning from print Read fluently Preschool language and literacy foundation identify printed words fluency meaning skilled reading Growing up to read first 5 years o Learning to read and write begins before school years Obtain sensory perceptual cognitive and social skills Symbolic concepts about objects One object stands for another ex golden arches stand for Mcdonalds Alphabet is a symbol system for sounds Acquire language skills Acquiring Language Skills development principles of the system o Involves phonological semantic morphological syntactic and pragmatic o Knowing a language doesn t necessitate and ability to understand the underlying o Metalinguistic skills are needed to understand language Ability to think about and reflect on language Knowledge of what a word is o young children mistaken the word with the object action o ex train is a long word o ex caterpillar is a short word o older children understand distinction between word and its referent Phonological Awareness is a critical metalinguistic skill knowledge of word boundary in a sentence o Unique for learning to read and alphabetic language o PA refers to the general ability to attend to or manipulate the sounds of language spoken words can be phonologically divided into o syllables onset rime o phonemes Units of Phonological Awareness o Syllable awareness Ability to detect constituent syllables in words Ex cowboy Age 4 o Onset Rime awareness Ability to detect that a single syllable can have two units onset and time Age 4 May even emerge at age 2 3 via nursery rhymes o Phonemic Awareness Insight that words can be separated into a sequence of phonemes Phonemes smallest unit of sounds Emphasizes the awareness of every constituent phoneme in words rather than awareness of particular phonemes onset phonemes Types of PA skills o Segmentation Onset rime separation Segmenting a vowel Separating a cluster onset consonant cluster ex stop into constituent phonemes o Blending put sounds together o Manipulation add delete or otherwise move phonemes How do we assess phonological awareness Development of phonological awareness o Children develop phonological awareness throughout preschool years 2 4 year olds appreciate rhymes appreciate alliteration onset awareness play with sounds monitor correct speech errors 5 6 year olds manipulate individual phonemes later development reliably identify rhymes and alterations o PA is highly correlated with general language ability Higher the language proficiency better the phonological awareness Semantic and syntactic skills are useful for developing phonological awareness o PA is different from speech perception Speech perception is the ability to differentiate between spoken stimuli that have many elements in common Ex mail nail same or not Children who have good speech discrimination may have phonological Phonics awareness problems letters and spellings o Instructional practices that emphasize how sounds of speech are represented by m sound is represented by letter m i sound is represented by letter combination ea as in bead o phonics assumes that children have already acquired phonemic awareness phonological skills is a causal determinant of reading success o 4 year longitudinal study of 368 kids o early test of pre reading children s sensitivity to rhyme and alliteration predicted reading and spelling success over the next 4 years independent intelligence not predict math o training study 2 year period the experimenters trained a group of 6 7 year olds to spot a common sound and say it and compared their reading progress to a group not trained in spotting the sound by the end the experimental group was 3 4 months ahead in reading and spelling no effect on math conclusion training in phonological awareness helps children learn to read especially when that training is combined with experience with alphabetic letters and written words Models of Reading Acquisition process of learning to read Milestones in learning to read o Emerging literacy kindergarten o Becoming real readers learning to identify words in print grades 1 3 Reading acquisition model Spelling acquisition o Skilled reading 4th grade Good word identification skills Good text comprehension skills Emerging literacy o real reading begins at age 5 7 print awareness name some book titles and authors begins to track print when listening to a familiar text being read knows the parts of a book and their functions recognizes and can name all uppercase lowercase letters independently writes many uppercase lowercase letters one of the best predictors for beginning reading achievement recognizes some words by sight few very common ones o ex I a the my writes own name first and last and friends names letter knowledge reading writing Stages of Reading Acquisition o Stage 1 Logographic Reading Read whole words Learn selective visual paired association Dog donkey camel visual cues Moon look cue from letter pair Use visual cues in learning to read their first 40 words Often called cue readers o Stage 2 Phonetic Cue Reading Intermediate stage Use phonetic values of the names of letters Ex jail j and l usually first and final letters are salient so they are used as cues primitive form of decoding o Stage 3 True Alphabetic Reading Use complete letter sound correspondences Ability to pronounce pseudowords is a good measure Ex zot spiv o Stage 4 Orthographic reading Learn multi letter units ex rimes nest chest test syllables or morphemes Attend to word specific orthographic spelling information Ex silent letters in words t in listen Spelling Acquisition o Children must learn to analyze how individual letters symbolize phonemic constituents in pronunciations Must know how to segment pronunciations into phonemes Must know the particular phonemes that letters typically symbolize Ex rich and pitch o Spelling of words are stored in memory as symbols for phonemes o Learning spelling improves children s understanding of sounds in words Which vs witch rose vs rows Invented Spelling o Invented spellings reflect children s knowledge of letter sound correspondences o Phonetically based invented or creative spelling Ex mi for my peekt for peeke Orthographic Spellers o Knowledge of understanging how phonemes are represented by indivudal or multiple letters spelling o Children need to learn Consonant digraphs sh