URP3000 Infrastructure 01 08 2014 Parking traffic and economic development go hand in hand Anchor large business that will bring in a large number of consumers Smaller business can act as anchors as well Big Boxes Wal Mart Costco Urbanization 13 January 2014 Verticality residential or farming Near water Limited resources Transportation determines how distribution Renewable energy sources Self sufficient communities Population over 7 billion and expected to top out around 10 billion Higher density bringing more people into one area Urbanization the process of transition from a rural to a more urban society Statistically urbanization reflects and increasing proportion of the population living in settlements defined as urban primarily through net rural to urban migration The level of urbanization is the percentage of total population living in towns and cities while the rate of urbanization is the rate at which it grows Urban growth the increase in the number of people who live in towns and cities in relative or absolute terms Natural increase the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a given populations Urban Transition the passage from a predominantly rural to a predominantly urban society The growth of cities will be the single largest influence on development in the 21st century First urbanization wave North America and Europe from 1750 1950 10 52 15 to 423 million urban residents Second Wave less developed regions The issue is not really the RATE of change but rather the SIZE of the increments of change Smaller cities Although large cities are growing smaller cities will dominate o This is going in that smaller cities may have more flexibility in terms of expansion and attracting investment o This is of concern as many smaller cities have more unaddressed problems and fewer resources at their disposal they are often underserved in basic services o Smaller cities may benefit from the worldwide trend toward policies and administrative decentralization as it may open up new opportunities o Globalization may encourage this process Policies growth Policymakers are concerned about speed and magnitude of this Prefer slower growth or non at all to help provide more flexibility to deal with problems Attempt to restrict incoming migration have been the general approach to directing growth but has not been very successful Our course immigration isn t necessarily the dominant factor in growth in many cases it is simply natural increase Growth and use of space population itself Space used for urbanization is increasing at a faster rate than the Between 2000 and 2030 the world urban population is expected to grow by 72 wheras the built up space of cities 100k people could increase by 175 So far all urban sites cover only 2 8 of the worlds land area Urban sites are critical pieces of land How they expand and where and how additional land is incorporated plays a big role in social and environmental implications for future populations From a critical standpoint providing for the land and shelter needs of the poor is important for promoting human rites The way cities grow as well as the way land is unitized and organized are critical for economic growth and poverty alleviation Growth and use of space Suburbanization is more complex in developing countries Due to poverty and inequality the automobile culture and its impact on urban life has been restricted to a comparative minority The precarious situation of infrastructure and transpiration has continued to largely keep wealthier people in the cities and has instead pushed the poorer population into the periphery or other inaccessible locations though since overall density and housing size is small density is still high Emergence of peri urbanization or urban growth in transitional zones between rural and urban areas Generally Why are cities better Poverty Generate jobs income Opportunity for social mobilization and women s empowerment Relieve pressure on natural habitats Growing faster in rural areas 1 billion people live in urban slums 60 of urban dwellers will be under 18 years by 2030 urbanization Concentrates poverty but also provides more opportunities to escape it o increases girls access to education o increased diversity of employment possibilities for both men and women and a tendency for a boost in women s labor force participation o paid employment for women increases household income o provides greater access to needed services for older people Urbanization in the US 24 increase More than 50 million people added between 1980 and 2000 or a During the same time period the amount of US urban land grew by about 34 drawing mainly from the conversion of croplands 1800 urban population at 300k 6 of 5million o NY largest city in the US Over 100k 1900 Urban population at 30 million Forces behind Urbanization Natural increase birth death and immigration Side effects of the industrial revolution Agricultural machinery increased productivity Freeing workers to take on other jobs Population engaged in farming less of population engaged in Shift from cottage industries to factory production Need for mass labor forces at specific points and all the related ancillary services housing Modern corporation large administrative force in a single farming geography Department story result of increase in consumer goods also creating the need for a large labor force in a singe geography Urbanization Transportation 1830 railroad and steamboat technology allowed access into hinterland to obtain raw materials and agricultural products Allowed for greater marketing of products Takeaway access to transport increased market as otherwise their market areas would have been small Need for a system of cities Transporation technology o water transportation is cheaper than by land o sailing vessel was cheaters than by canal Concentration Density 1900 Manhattan had 2 2 million residents on 22 sq miles or 100k people per square mile 2000 1 5 million or a reduction of 700k tenement housing and severe crowding causing public health issues Urban planning is a response to overcrowding Decentralization Electric streetcar faster and cheaper Allowed the effective radius of a city to double Doubled the radius of Boston in a few years Suburbanization Suburban sprawl was the idea Distinction between the suburb and the city s is realistically almost solely based on jurisdictional lines and less so on actual density The automobile o Speed and