Introduction to Planning and Urban Development URP 3000 02 Summer 2015 Exam I Study Guide The exam will consist of short open ended questions requiring short answers no longer than two three sentences Here is the list of topics covered by the exam Helpful Definitions Planning Is reasoning about how and organization person and or groups of people gets where it wants to go Urban and Regional Planning Focus on how our communities will grow develop and change Urbanization Ch 2 Major forces behind urban growth increasing population immigration need for jobs and businesses Urbanization Is a process focused on the physical movement of people from rural to urban places areas Urban growth development of large scale buildings for business housing to accommodate larger population Density patterns throughout U S history 1800 now Rural Agrarian society pre 1800 Urban Industrial Society 1800 1900 s Highly concentrated central areas for jobs social interaction culture Transportation options limited business s located near transportation and within walking distance Urbanization driven by industrialization required less labor on the farm Increased pop Immigration migration increased demand for labor Suburban Post Industrial 1900 s Present New transportation modes and industrialization First patterns of suburbanization Suburbanization Moving outward from crowded cities into less densely packed and crowded homes Reasons People demanded better living conditions No longer wanted to live in crowded dense deteriorated and ugly city housing Major features Streetcars and local railroads cars provided means to branch outward from cities Commercial businesses sought cheaper land accessible through rail lines Technologies phones trucks High rise CBDs Central Business Districts 1950 60 s auto ownership increased interstate highway system developed Consequences Great Depression growth halted immigration slowed birthrates fell unemployment increased Recent trends central city shrinkage interstate migration Regional scale migration cities suburbs suburbs central cities rural areas urbanized areas National Scale Migration North Midwest Sun Belt New Urbanism Celebration FL New Regionalism St Joe communities in FL New suburban towns Mass produced housing Colonial America and early independence period History of Planning Ch 3 4 City features Strong land control common space town squares etc Gridiron Pattern of blocks and Town Square Little public space Powers and prerogatives of cities Changing attitudes individualism power at the State level local power cities counties delegated by states Planning oriented primarily on growth and commerce Mid 19th century planning reforms Sanitation One of the first reforms urban tenements had open pools for human waste Storm water and wastewater sewers that existed were poorly designed and constructed Drinking water came from public wells and surface water easily contaminated Water carriage system invented to combat these issues Public open spaces Frederick Law Olmsted lead the charge for planning for Health and Aesthetics contour of land for drainage sewage and storm water vegetation sunlight open space Ex Central park in NYC Ventilate the city connection to nature during leisure time for workers Meadows woods paths lakes greenways parks Housing Issue with low income market rate housing too expensive push for minimum standards building codes permits for construction penalties Beautification Civic improvement movements aesthetic concerns plantings paved streets parks municipal art Focus on what the municipal government had control over streets municipal art public buildings public spaces The Plan for Chicago Importance BIRTH OF MODERN PLANNING Established the first centralized plan for a city Included highways public transportation public terminals parks and preserves Comparison with modern plans Comprehensive long term city government responded to the plan created a planning commission charged with implementation of the plan Differences with modern plans No public control of private land no social issues no public participation no mechanism for revision review Early 20th century planning First zoning regulations To control congestion in commercial areas as well as protect residential areas from commercial development Resulted in public control over private land thought of as a way to protect what was desirable about status quo against rapid change Standard Enabling Act 1924 Hoover s wording guaranteed to withstand court challenge Permitted uses zones zoning map density design First master community plans Evolution of the planned community starting from a clean slate Ex Venice FL Radburn NJ designed for the motor age open space system of internal paths auto street high market value Plans Included Land use street pattern mass transportation recreation civic art housing public capital investments citizen participation adaptability social issues Great Depression and large scale planning programs in the mid 20th century Resulted in Radburn NJ not completed Ebenezer Howard Developed Garden Cities Divert existing populations in places like London into new urban patterns Cities would be limited in size density surrounded by belt of nature etc Market regulated system failed Political and ideological environment favored more planning than less Federal funds made available for local planning Federal Gov intervention into housing market Increased resources for planners Creation of State Planning Agencies Mapping sewage treatment housing quality water pollution Tennessee Valley Authority Dams recreation electricity jobs creation of lakes controlled flooding Housing Act 1949 Decent home and a suitable living environment for every American Built hundreds of thousands of housing units focused on slum clearance and redevelopment of blighted areas Urban renewal Federally funded clearing and rebuilding inner city areas typically slums National Defense Highway Act 1956 Initiated our national highway system idea came from Depression officially built for military purposes and improving intercity transportation Basic information on recent trends New Urbanism Roots in Garden City idea Smart Growth New buzzword Central city revival Replacing run down slums with affordable housing Gentrification buying renovating homes in slums and rebuilding them Legal Basis of Planning Ch 5 Distribution of power across U S states and cities Sub State Units Cities towns counties etc 10th Amendment police power The