URP3000 01 Exam 1 Midterm Study Guide WHY WE PLAN Interconnectedness and complexity to guide our future o Interconnectedness individual decisions affect everyone Externalities o Complexity Modern communities are incredibly complex Complexity tends to increase with population density Infrastructure culture community cohesiveness aesthetics density transportation social services economic development etc We need to plan because different environment requires different standards and people have different tastes Influences on planning o Citizens Demand and need jobs schools housing safety they market demand through tastes and preferences also expressed through representation community meetings voter referendum Hometown Democracy Act is an example o Developers if you build it they will come land owners Contractors engineers etc o Planners from all backgrounds social scientists have to know themselves before they can help a community know their personal values and reflect them in your plans o Politics national state local elected officials make decisions Lobbyist and campaign o MONEY is made and lost as a result of planning Nothing is free development costs Planning frequently calls on the greater good or the public interest o Good plans voted down or adopted and not implemented o Planning imposes a restriction on the market o Inefficiency and loss of personal freedom o The Invisible Hand From the Left interest PLANNING THEORY TYPES AND APPROACHES o All Planning really does is take the interests of the middle class and call it the public contributors money o This can be elusive Planning is essentially political Criticisms From the Right 1 As a process how it to be done and how it is done 2 ideological influences how our political ideology affects our criteria selection and interpretation LEVYS CLASSIFICATIONS 1 The rational model 2 Disjointed incrementalism 3 Middle range models 4 Collaborative rationality Innes o Orthodox holy grail approach i e most comprehensive plans still follow this o Successive limited comparisons read more about Lindblom and see chart on pg430 o Two step mixed scanning approach by Etzioni broad angle less on precedence o Diverse interdependent multi jurisdictional dialogue oriented See Booher and Theory helps us expand our way of seeing and doing things good theory is what we need when we get stuck prompt our practical insights BARCLAY S 5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF PLANNING METHODS 1 Synoptic planning Rational comprehensive approach 2 Incremental planning Partisan mutual adjustment 3 Transactive planning Face to face inter personal dialogue 4 Advocacy planning Defending the interests of the weak against the strong 5 Radical planning Specific substantive ideas about collective action EXAMPLE EXERCISE 1 Most City s Comprehensive Plan Rational Synoptic Follows traditional hierarchical prescriptive steps 2 Teams scan for various options then choose Middle Range Two step mixed scanning process 3 Nature Conservancy wards off coal plant in a poor neighborhood Advocacy Third party helps a weak constituent 4 End users involved parks recreation policy Collaborative Interdependence diverse participants PLANNING THEORY An historic frame of reference Various analytical methodological tools A systematic approach to solving problems Objective fact based basis for policy formulation etc THE HISTORY OF US PLANNING Methods for solving complex problemS thru both qualitative and quantitative analysis Rural agrarian society Pre 1800s Suburban post industrial 1900s present Urban industrial society 1800s 1900s Urbanization is a process focused on the physical movement of people from rural to urban places An urban place has variable definitions depending on tradition but usually defined in part on some minimum size of population and density The Four Forces of Density and the same forces that brought us together have either caused us or let us spread apart o Increasing population growth birth death migration Pop growth is driven by job opportunities labor on the farm o Increasing agricultural productivity increased productivity of agriculture required less o Increasing factory production efficiency Industrial Revolution machines lowered labor costs and were more productive workers out of work displaced workers moved to cities for jobs and income o Improved transportation technologies low transportation costs greater range for markets and raw materials Concentration Density In the 1800s and first half of the 1900s American Cities were more highly concentrated than they are today because of transportation business needs proximity of labor force Concentration and density bring diseconomies with them pollution congestion crime and disease Great Depression 1930s growth halted and WWII 1941 1945 growth continued to be halted The 50s TV land the American Dream second and third tier suburbs ANDDD urban planning evolved THE RISE OF THE SUBURBS o Baby boomers o Changes in housing high housing demands finance availability of low cost mortgages o Economic changes manufacturing to diverse service oriented economy o Production technology changes factories more mobile due to better technology There have been several general patterns in the last few decades o Urban to Suburban o North to South West south is habitable because of AC o Mailbox Income Recipients direct deposit o High growth on fringes o Exurban Development 1980s living in the boonies Yuppie young urban professional DINK dual income no kids WOOP well off older person Urbanization of Poverty o Suburbanization of jobs and therefore income Mechanization of agriculture o No non agricultural job skills o Loss of central city manufacturing and goods handling work Vacant land and poverty those who can afford to move often do urban decay Suburbanization The establishment of residential communities on the outskirts of a city Gentrification The restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle class or affluent people often resulting in displacement of lower income people Rural agrarian society Urban industrial society Suburban post industrial current stage o Gentrification trends o New urban regional exurban trends So what is next More gentrification At the expense of the suburbs More new urban regional suburban exurban development at the expense of Suburbanization of poverty the old cores Pop growth mechanized agric industrialization and more transportation options led U S pop to grow 100x b w 1800 1900 Urbanization 1st signs of