Growth Patterns- Downtown Core (CBD) - Downtown Neighborhoods - “First Ring” Suburbs - Suburbs - “Edge” cities - Towns - Townships - Farms Timeline of Growth- Grid Pattern (original city) - City Beautiful (1890+) - Transit Line Extension (1920’s) o Streetcars! - Suburban Development (1950+)o Highway Systemo Levittown - Exurban Development (1980+)Land Use- Land use can be further classified and is regulated at the local level. The 5 types of land use are:o Agriculture- heavy or lighto Residential- single family or multifamilyo Industrial- heavy or lighto Commercialo Institutional- Some areas allow mixed use o Downtowno Suburbso Small townso Corporate office parksZoning- Sets legal requirements and development regulations on land- Limits density and intensity- Sets permitted uses and conditional uses- Makes sure requirements are met like: o Set backso Lot sizeo Parkingo Bufferingo Landscaping- Two types o Map: Pretty Very generalo Text: Gritty Very detailed Establishes structures that may be placed in a zone To what use a structure may be putSite Planning- “Place Making”- Each site is a part of a community which means site design must be appropriate, functional, and distinctiveo Good site design creates a relationship between the structures and the users- Development is long term and an investmentParking- Parking regulations are made to limit the amount of spaces available to customers, employees, visitors,etc. to promote carpooling, walking, bussing, etc.o Industrial: 1-1.2 per employee o Retail: 3-5.5 spaces per 1000 sq ft o Office: 0.2-5.3 spaces per 1000 sq ft o Residential: 1-2 spaces per dwelling unitUrban Transect- Born from new urbanism- A transect is a geographical cross section that reveals a series of environmentsPaying for All This- Exactions- Impact Fees- Development Agreements- Capital ImprovementsExaction A developer is allowed to develop on a parcel, but must provide some community benefit such as a park. Impact Fee A developer must pay for or assist in the creation of new infrastructure such as water/sewer lines or new roads. Development Agreements Allowing the developer certain benefits above what is allowed in existing zoning.Capital Improvements The Big One Capital Improvements can be maintenance or creationof water/sewer lines, roads, storm water, drainage, etc. These are typically paid for through taxes and sometimes even grants. Growth Management- Growth Shaperso Roadso Water Systemso Wastewater Treatment- Growth Machineo Feeds on taxes and feeso Creates jobs and other public benefitso Some support and some don’t.o NIMBYism Those that don’t want higher fees or taxes or have other motivation such as the environment or quality of life- Financial Motivation for Growtho Taxes bring in money for facilities Schools Roads Utilities Recreationo It leads to Population Growth and migration- Growth Managemento Aspects of growth effect its management  Amount Timing Character “If, Planning is a guide for the future; Then, GM is how we guide it”Evolution of Growth- Growth Control: 1970s- Growth Management: 1980s- Smart Growth: 1990s-NOW- Few States do Growth Management wello Oregon GM “guru” Set up Urban Growth Boundaries- Line to control sprawl through land use and infrastructure- UGBs establish a firm “development stop-line”, beyond which - UGBs establish a firm “development stop-line”, beyond which development of any meaningful density is not to occur.o Florida Environmentally sensitive High population growth Growth Management Act (1985)- Florida statutes set up by the Department of Community Affairs (DCA)- Concurrency (infrastructure)o Before new development can occur it must be demonstrated that the infrastructure required to support the development is in place and operating at adequate capacity o Level of Service (LOS) Standard  Urban Service Area is boundary to which the city will provide electric, water, waste, etc.o Maryland (1997) “Smart Growth”  Save our most valuable remaining resources  Support existing communities and neighborhoods  Save taxpayers millions of dollars in the unnecessary building of the infrastructure required to support sprawl  Infrastructure- Capital improvement versus pay yourself - Carrot versus stick: rewardso Brownfield developmento Historic areaso “Live near your work”- Winners and Losers of Smart Growtho Winners  Environment, those who own developed or developable propertyo Losers Those who want to buy, sell, or develop property- FLA GM and Propery Rightso FS 70.001 Private Property rights protection Vested rightso Decrease in land value= a regulatory takingPolitical Planning- Why is it political?o Emotional issueso Visible decisions Buildings Roads Parks Property Mistakes are hard to hideo Close at hand Local government Easily influenced by citizens- your county commissioner is much more accessible than your senator Effectiveness encourages participation- the squeaky wheel gets the greaseo Subject familiarity Citizens are familiar with the issues- Land use- Traffic- Character of community Skeptical of experts Local knowledgeo Large financial decision Zoning Infrastructure Road construction Public buildings Environmental protection areas Housing values- largest investment middle class families make EX from book- Land owner in growing area owns 100 acreaso If municipal utilities run toward his property, the property will be wroth 100K per acre for apartment buildingso If municipal utilities do not run toward his property, the property will be worth 10k per acre for single family homeso Land owner has a $9 million interest in this everyday planning decisiono Property taxes Payment of costly construction- Roads- Libraries- Stadiums Who pays?- Developers? Who pass it on to- Citizens living/working/shopping in their developments- Role of planners o Advisors “the expert witness”o Powerless? Cannot commit public funds Cannot enact laws Cannot directly enter contracts Exercise eminent domaino Powerful?  Land use control Consensus building/ negotiating Coalition buildingo Previous model Planners create the plan and sells it to the public The planning process was supposed to be separate from politics An expert planning for the common good Top down Plan of Chicago The rational planning modelo Current thinking 