URP3000 Mid-term Exam Study Guide Happy Studying! • What is planning, why we plan, types of planning, influences on planning, who planners are & the general processes of planning (and how these have evolved) • Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning is complex, we need to plan to guide the future of cities and regions.• Types of planning: ALOT, housing, land use, economicdevelopment, parks and rec, arts and culture, public health, emergency, regional, transportation.• Influence on planning: citizens, planners, developers and related professionals, money, politics.• Who are the planners: lawyers, politicians, mediators, social scientists, must solve problems, must work with others, and have patience.• general process of planning: Cycle: 1) research 2) visioning (clarify goals) 3) formulation (options, objectives, policies) 4) implementation 5) review (no plan is perfect)• How planning process has evolved: Society has become more complex over time so planning has to go through a longer process.• Styles of Planning• Neutral Public servant• Builder for Community Consensus• Entrepreneur• Advocate • Agent of Radical change• Private Planners Roles: They are more consultants who are interested in big business. They are more specialized and act as advocates.• Public Planners Roles: Important to help facilitate the "bottomup" approach of planning. Public relations, advertisements, advisorygroups, and making resources available are all important.• Relationship between planning, politics, land use, social and basic economic issues: • Everything is interconnected. Specifically planning and economics are related by the following topics.• Emotional issues • Visible decisions (buildings, roads)• Close at hand (local gov.) • Subject familiarity (everyday issues for citizens)• Large financial decisions• Property taxes (who pays?)• History of US planning:• Prior to American Revolution municipalities had strong powers to control the use of land and thus shape their own form. These powers came from European tradition that treated the town or village as anindependent corporation which might own control or dispose of land withinboundaries. • Forces behind urban growth: • *Urban growth is population growth*• Industrial revolution- need for mass labor forces• Agricultural productivity- Migration from rural to urban • Growing Community-Shape the pattern of growth to achieve a sensible and attractive land-use pattern• Industrial and Commercial Development-Look for available lands served with roads, water and sewer facilities• Anti-Growth Community-Preserve and improve the existing conditions• Downtown Improvement-Street improvements and other changes to increase the competitiveness of downtown businesses• Economic Development-Create conditions• to encourage existing industries to remain and expand• New firms to locate within the community• Environmental Concerns-Guide and manage development to minimize environmental damage• Impacts of the Great Depression and WWII had on planning and development:• Great Depression: 1930s Growth halted, immigration slowed,birthrates fell, unemployment.• Growth halted • Immigration slowed • Birthrates fell• Unemployment • WWII: 1941-1945 Growth continued to be halted. Restriction of residential construction, civilian auto production, gasoline rationing.• Growth continued to be halted• Technology increases• Sustained suburban housing boom• Three stages of US development: • Rural: Agrarian society (pre 1800s)• Urban: industrial society (1800s-1900s) • Suburban: post-industrial (1900s-present)• Interstate Highway System:• US Interstate Highway System:1956 Federal Aid Highway Act: National Defense Highway Act 1956 was responsible for creating the interstate. Done by the 80s. Used by the military. Allowed people to travel by car much further and encouraged driving more.• Established the National Interstate Highway System:• 41,000 miles of highway• 90% of costs covered by federal government• 30 years to complete• Authorized the expenditure of $24.8 billion in • 13 fiscal years from 1957 to 1969.• Post War Planning- Capitalism working splendidly• International enemy is on the left• Planning becomes much more conservative - “If it ain’t broke,don’t fix it”• Suburbanization and Transportation bring more resources formunicipal planning• Economic Development emerges an important planning function• Municipal Planning- large expansion of municipal planning, federal money still available for local planning, concerned with problems ofgrowth. • Environmental Planning- national Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) • *Growth Management Planning- Growth seems as a threat tosome communities. growing environmental concerns• *Smart growth • New “buzzword” / marketing (1990’s)• Replaced “Growth Management” (1980’s) • Replaced “Growth Control” (1970’s)• New Urbanism, Infill, Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB’s)• City beautiful Movement, Municipal Improvement and Municipal Art Movement• City beautiful movement: Municipal art – civic improvement – landscape design• “World’s Fair” (Chicago)- beginning of the movement• Concentrated on things municipal gov. had control: streets, municipal art, public buildings, public spaces• 1893 The worlds fair in Chicago inspired planners to make their cities prettier. • "White city" of Chicago• Municipal Improvement: mid- 1800s to early- 1900s • ⁃Aesthetic concerns gain wide appeal, paved streets & sidewalks, parks, other public facilities. Presence of city more important.• Municipal Art Movement: mid-1800s to early-1900s• Aesthetics, civic or municipal art was important along with art, architecture, and European influences.• Reasons for, attributes of and results of sanitary and housingreforms, reform roots of planning• Mid 1800s Frederick Law Olmsted incorporated sanitation into design. Drainage (storm and waste), helped to prevent the spread of disease through cesspools.• With increase population and density came pressure for reform • Sanitation reform- Urban tenements had open pools for human waste. Storm water and wastewater sewers- poorly designed and constructed, drinking water easily contaminated. Diseases become insect born • Housing Reform- Main issue was housing for the