Unit II Review Chapter 8 Plant Systematics and Darwinian I Scientific Names a Similar plant species form a group called genus plural genera b Genera c Families into orders classes divisions and kingdoms d Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species are grouped into families i King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti II Species Name a Each species has a single correct scientific name in Latin called a binomial 2 names it is always italicized or underlined i First name is genus name ii Second name is species name 1 Human homo sapiens 2 Cat felis catus III Taxonomic Hierarchy that have many characteristics in common are grouped into a genus a Species b Related genera that share combinations of traits are grouped into families c Families d Orders e Classes f Related divisions phyla are grouped into kingdoms into classes into divisions or phyla for animals are grouped into orders IV Plant Divisions a Plants are further classified into ten divisions i Bryophyta mosses liverworts ii Psylophyta iii Lycophyta club mosses iv Sphenophyta horsetails v Pterophyta ferns vi Cycadophyta cycads vii Ginkgophyta ginko biloba viii Coniferophyta conifers ix Gentophyta gnetophytes x Magnoliophyta flowering plants V What is a species a Species b Morphological Species Concept a set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and ordinarily can reproduce with each other but not with members of any other species size body parts fertile based on their morphological features shape a group of interbreeding populations offspring are c Biological Species Concept VI Carolus Linnaeus d Evolutionary Species Concept evolutionary lineage a group of individuals with a common e Some species are capable of interbreeding by Morphologically look different f Some plants look the same but due to polyploidy more than the diploid number of chromosomes they cannot interbreed ferns evening primrose a Swedish scientist b Called the Father of Systematic Botany and the Father of Taxonomy c Established modern system of nomenclature d His most important work was his Binominal System of Nomenclature in which the genus and species names are used VII Evolution a A genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over time often adapting to an environment or way of life b Evolutionary changes must be genetically inherited not acquired VIII Lamarckism a Holds that traits are acquired or diminished during the lifetime of an organism can be passed to its offspring b Based on two observations thought to be true in his day i Use it or lose it individuals lose characteristics they do not require and ii develop those which are useful Inheritance of acquired traits individuals inherit the acquired traits of their ancestors c Ex giraffes to reach leaves leads to offspring with longer necks d This theory was disproved IX Darwin a Thought of an organism not as constant unchanging or specially created beings b Could not believe that organisms today appeared as they have always appeared c Changed biological thought forever with the concept of Natural Selection X Natural Selection members of a population have individual differences that are a Variation inheritable i Natural selection won t work in a population of clones ii The key to variation is sexual reproduction natural populations reproduce geometrically producing much b Over Production more offspring than will survive c Competition i Struggle for existence individuals compete for the same limited natural resources d Survival to Reproduce environment survive and reproduce Survival of the Fittest only those individuals that are better suited to the i Fit individuals pass on to a portion of their offspring the advantageous characteristics e Long periods of time must be available in order to change to a completely different species changes are slow f Off spring that inherit the advantageous traits favorable genes are selected for i Their chances of survival are greater ii May live to reproductive age iii My pass on those desirable attributes to future generations XI Artificial Selection XII Gradualism a Selective breeding as practiced by humans on domesticated plants and animals a Traditional view that states evolution occurs as a slow and steady accumulation of changes in organisms Darwinian evolution not much evidence XIII Punctuated Equilibrium a Evolution proceeds with periods of inactivity followed by periods of very rapid evolution i Fossil record supports this view ii Long periods of stasis no change in species iii Followed by rapid change Chapter 9 Evidence for Evolution and Plant Adaptations I Three Types of Natural Selection a Directional Selection one trait at the extreme of the range is favored over individuals with the average or opposite extreme of the trait average traits b Stabilizing Selection c Disruptive Selection the average trait is favored over the extreme traits the extreme traits are favored over individuals with the II Evidence in Support of Evolution a Evidence of evolution can be found in extant organisms living organisms b Comparative Anatomy i Homologous Organs to a common evolutionary origin organs similar in form in different organisms due 1 Share same common origin but may have different functions same bound structure found in a human arm bad wing ect ii Analogous Organs different organisms but do not share a common evolutionary origin organs that have similar look and or functions in 1 Wings of insects vs wings of birds 2 Similar function of tendrils climbing but different origin leaf vs stem iii Convergent Evolution similar environment evolve similar adaptive structures and physiol the process by which unrelated organisms in a 1 Example cacti North America deserts organs or parts of organs that are non functional and iv Vestigial Organs degenerate 1 An organ loses its function no selective advantage to have it but no selective pressure to get rid of it leg bones in snakes c Mimicry and Protective Coloration i Mimicry a harmless species may resemble a dangerous species ii Protective Coloration allows an organism to blend with environment d Developmental Biology share common features i Early embryos of different mammal species look very much alike they e Biogeography i Unequal distribution of organisms on earth kangaroos in Australia ii Only one point of origin iii Endemic Species usually rare species that occur only in a particular area and that are f Biochemistry and Molecular Biology i Our genes provide an