BSCI Exam II Study GuideLecture 8: Plant DiversityLecture 9: Evidence for Evolution and Plant AdaptationsLLecture 10: Viruses, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, FungiSIX KINGDOMS:Lecture 11: Algae, Bryophytes, and FernsLecture 12: Angiosperms and GymnospermsLecture 13: PollinationBSCI Exam II Study GuideLecture 8: Plant DiversityI. Plant SystematicsA. Sometimes only used in a geographic areaB. Scientific namesa. Genus – similar plant species (plural = genera)b. Genera  families  orders  classes  divisions  kingdoms“King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti”C. Binomial – each species has a single correct scientific name, two names, always italicized or underlineda. Homo (genus) sapiens (species)II. Taxonomic HierarchyA. Species’ characteristics are grouped into a genusB. Related genera that share combos of traits are grouped into families, and so onC. 6 Kingdoms – 3 domains (Achaea, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota)a. Archaebacteriab. Eubacteria (true bacteria)c. Protistad. Plantaee. Fungif. AnimaliaD. Plant Divisions – 10 a. Bryophyte – mosses, liverwortsb. Psylophytac. Lycophyta – club mossesd. Sphenophyta - horsetailse. Trophy – fernsf. Cycadophyta – cycadsg. Ginghophyta – Ginkgo bilobah. Confirophyta – conifersi. Genetophyta – gnetophytesj. Magnoliophyta – flowering plantsIII. Concept of SpeciesA. Species – a set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and ordinarily can reproduce with each other, but not with members of any other species (dog can mate with dog but not a cat)B. Morphical species concept – based on the morphical features (body parts, shape, size)C. Biological species concept – group of interbreeding populations; fertile offspringD. Evolutionary species concept – group of individuals with a common evolutionary lineageE. Polypoidy – more than the diploid # of chromosomes; reason why even though plants look the same, the cannot interbreed; ferns, primroseF. Carolus Linnaeus – “Father of systematic botany” a. Compared flower parts to human sexualityb. Binomal system of nomenclature – classifed 12,000 plants and animalsIV. Evolution – genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over time, often adapting to an environment or way of lifeA. Evolutionary changes may be genetically inherited, not acquiredB. Creationism – all organisms were “specically created,” unchangingC. Jean-Baptiste Lamarka. Proposed theory that organisms were driven by some inner force toward greatercomplexityb. Lamarckism – holds that traits acquired (or diminished) during the lifetime of an organism can be passed to its offspring; based off 2 observations:i. “Use it or lose it” – individuals lose characteristics they do not require anddevelop those which are usefulii. inheritance of acquired traits – individuals inherit the acquired traits of their ancestorsiii. Example: the stretching by giraffes to reach leaves leads to offspring with longer necksD. Charles Darwina. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection – very influential text thatcauses many debatesb. Natural Selection – 4 premises (VOCS)i. Variation – members of a population have individual diffs that are inheritable; key is sexual reproductionii. Over production – natural populations reproduce geometrically, producing much more offspring that will surviveiii. Competition – individuals compete for limited resourcesiv. Survival to reproduce – only those individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and reproduce; “survival of the fittest”v. Works on the individual phenotype  which in turn changes the population gene poolc. Artificial Selection – selective breeding as practiced by humans on domesticated plants and animals (dogs)V. Rates of EvolutionA. 2 interpretations about the pace/speed of evolution – based on the fossil recorda. 1. Gradualism – traditional view that states evolution occurs as a slow/steady accumulation of changes in organismb. 2. Punctuated Equillibrium – evolution proceeds with periods of inactivity, followed by periods of rapid evolutioni. long periods of stasis (no change in species)ii. fossil record is evidence only of Morphology (structure), while evolution encompasses this, ecology, biochem, and behavioral changesLecture 9: Evidence for Evolution and Plant AdaptationsI. 3 Types of Natural SelectionA. Directional selection – one trait at the extreme of the range is favored over individualswith the average or opposite extreme of the traitB. Stabilizing selection – the average trait is favored over the extreme traitsC. Disruptive selection – the extreme traits are favored over individuals with the averagetraitII. Evidence for Evolution – can be font in extant (living) organismsA. Comparative Anatomya. Homologous organs – organs similar in form in different organisms due to a common evolutionary origini. Share same common origin, but may have different functions; ex: same bone structure found in a human arm, bat wing, dolphin flipper, etcii. Lettuce, leaves, pea tendrils – have diff. functions but same originb. Analogous organs – organs that have similar look/functions in diff. organisms, but do not share common evolutionary origini. Wings of insects vs. wings in birdsii. In Plants – similar function of tendrils (climbing), but diff. originc. Convergent evolution – the process by which unrelated organisms in a similar environment evolve similar adaptive structures and physiol; ex: cactid. Vestigial organs – organs or parts of organs that are non-functional and degeneratei. Loses function, no selective advantage to have it; in snakes, whalesii. In humans – wisdom teeth, appendixB. Mimicry – a harmless species may resemble a dangerous species; some moths resemble waspsC. Protective Coloration – coloration that allows an organism to blend with environmenta. In plants – stoneplants in SW Africa resemble stones to protect against herbivoresD. Developmental Biology – early embryos of diff. mammal species look very much alike – they share common featuresE. Biogeography – unequal distribution of organisms on eartha. Endemic species – species that occur only in a particular area and are usually rareF. Biochemistry & Molecular Biologya. Genes provide “evolutionary record”b. If we evolved from the same ancestor we should have the same:i. Genetic molecule (DNA)ii. way to use DNA (dogma)iii. portions of DNAIII. Fossils –