Slide 1Kingdom PlantaeGYMNOSPERMSEvolution of gymnospermsGymnosperm life cycleGymnosperm lifecycleSporophyte generationWood produced by gymnospermsPrimary vs. secondary growthSecondary growthAnnual ringsVascular tissue: TreesGymnospermsSlide 14ConifersOther gymnospermsSlide 17Significance of gymnospermsANGIOSPERMSEvolution of AngiospermsAngiosperm life cycleFlower structureSlide 23Slide 24Angiosperm lifecycleDouble fertilizationSeedsMonocot vs. dicotComparing monocot vs. dicot plantsSlide 30Slide 31Monocot vs. dicot rootSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Summary: Monocot vs. dicot•Gymnosperm–Intro and evolution–Life cycle and reproduction–Uses and significance•Angiosperms: Flowering plants–Intro and evolution–Life cycle and reproduction–Uses and significance–Monocots vs. dicots12: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms12: Gymnosperms and AngiospermsKingdom Plantae•Evolutionary tree of plants•From primitive more advanced traitsBryophytesGreenalgaancestor_______Gymnosperms__________Vascular ________Terrestrial FlowersGYMNOSPERMS•Introduction – Gymnosperm means “naked seed” (From the Greek: gymnos = naked; sperm = seed) •More advanced than ferns – do not have spores, they have seeds.•The seeds of the gymnosperms lack a protective enclosure (unlike flowering plants which have flowers and fruit).•Examples of gymnosperms: •Conifers (pine trees), cycads, ginkgo bilobaEvolution of gymnosperms•Gymnosperms evolved from fern-like ancestors•Advancements of gymnosperms over ferns:•1. __________ (plant embryo, food storage tissue, and seed coat) •2. Gymnosperms do not depend on water for fertilization (have air-borne pollen)•3. Have a more dominant _______________ generation•4. Have a more efficient vascular systemGymnosperm life cycle•Exhibits alternation of generations•Sporophyte generation (2n) is dominant•Gametophyte generation (1n) is contained in and dependent on the sporophyte generationGymnosperm lifecycleSporophyte generation•Sporophyte produces two types of spores (heterosporous)•Megasporangium – undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores (female gametophyte)•________sporangium – undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores, germinate to produce male gametophyte (pollen)•Many gymnosperms use wind for pollination and seed dispersalWood produced by gymnosperms•Gymnosperms have a very efficient and effective vascular system•Usually woody plants•Xylem  wood of a tree•Phloem  bark of the tree•Wood is formed from secondary growthPrimary vs. secondary growth•1. Primary growth – occurs in apical meristems of shoots and roots•Results in increase in length•2. Secondary growth – derived from secondary or lateral meristems•Results in increase in girth (width)•Common in trees (wood and bark)Secondary growth•The ____________ cambium forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem•W______ – is secondary xylem; cells are dead at maturity and only cell wall remains•Bark – is secondary phloem (conducts food)Annual rings•Annual rings – xylem formed by the vascular cambium during one growth season•Early Spring wood – vessel diameter is large, xylem walls are thinner•Late Summer wood – vessel diameter is small, walls are thicker•Tropical trees:have no annual rings, because seasons are so similarVascular tissue: Trees•Vascular tissue is located on the outer layers of the tree.wood_______________barkVascularcambiumGymnosperms•Conifers are most important group of gymnosperms•Largest and most familiar group•Bear seeds in cones•Staminate cones – male cones•Ovulate cones – _________ cones•Seeds produced on an open scale•(Do not produce flowers or fruit)Gymnosperms•Mainly woody plants that include•Oldest living trees: bristlecone pine, 5000 yrs old!•Most massive trees (giant sequoia): up to 375 ft. tall, 41 ft wide!•Tallest living trees (redwoods)Conifers•Conifers adapted to temperate to cold regions•Narrow leaves (needles) help to conserve water•Covered by resins – for protection from predators, fire, etc.Other gymnosperms•Cycads – short shrubs,native to tropical regions (look like palms)•Ginkgo biloba – a “living fossil”, male and female tree,used as a medicinal plantOther gymnosperms•Welwitschia – a bizarre gymnosperm plant that grows in Namib desert (So. Africa). •Live up to 2000 years in these extreme conditions!•Only makes two leaves throughout its life. It takes water from sea mistSignificance of gymnosperms•Ecological importance:•Provide food and habitat for wildlife•Forests prevent soil erosion•Reduce greenhouse-effect gasses•Economic and commercial importance:•Lumber for wood, paper, etc.•Resins – wood, furniture, etc.•Ornamental plants (trees, landscaping)•Food – pine nuts (pesto, etc.)ANGIOSPERMS•Angiosperm means “covered seed”•Have flowers •Have fruits with seeds•Live everywhere – dominant plants in the world•260,000 species (88% of Plant Kingdom)•Angiosperms are the most successful and advanced plants on earthEvolution of Angiosperms•Advancements over gymnosperms:•Angiosperms have flowers – many use pollinators•Fruits and seeds – adapted for dispersal•Double fertilization of the endosperm in the seedAngiosperm life cycle•Flower has male and female sex organsFlower structure•Male sex organs: Stamens, composed of anther – organ that produces pollen (male gametophyte)•Female sex organs: The carpel•Ovary is the enlarged basal portion of carpel that contains the ovules (female gametophyte)•The stigma is the receptive portion ofthe carpel for pollengrains to adhereFlower structure•Non-reproductive parts:•Sepals (green) are the outermost whorl of leaf-like bracts•Petals (usually colored) are the inner whorl of leaf-like bracts•Both can have various shapes and colors•Tepals -_______________Angiosperm life cycle•Heterosporous: forms two different types of spores (micro- and megaspores; male and female spores)•Male – pollen grains contain tube nucleus and generative cell (2 sperm nuclei)•Female – female gametophyte contains egg and 2 polar nucleiAngiosperm lifecycleFlowering plants exhibit alternation of generations. The large, familiar flowering plant is the diploid sporophyte, while the haploid gametophyte stages are microscopic. The unique feature about the life cycle of flowering plants is a double fertilization that produces a diploid zygote and a