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UMD BSCI 124 - Lecture 14: Seeds and Fruit

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Lecture 14: Seeds and FruitWhat is a seed?EmbryoNutritive tissueSeed coatGymnosperm seedFlowering plant seedDicot vs. monocot seedFruitA. Simple fruitSimple fleshy fruitSimple fleshy fruit: drupeSimple fleshy fruit: pepoSimple fleshy fruit: pomeSimple dry fruit: capsuleSimple dry fruit: LegumesSimple dry fruitsB. _____________C. Multiple fruitWhat is the purpose of the fruit?A. Self dispersalSelf dispersalB. Wind dispersalC. ___________ DispersalD. Animal dispersalAnimal dispersalVideo on seed dispersalLecture 14: Seeds and Fruit•Seeds•Fruits•Fruit types•Seed dispersal•Video: seed dispersal•Real fruit samplesWhat is a seed?•A matured ovule, containing:•1. a plant __________ •2. a food supply •3. covered by a _____________Embryo•The seed contains a well-formed multicellular young plant embryo (germ)•Embryo is _________ (2n)•It will become a whole plantNutritive tissue•Seed contains a food supply•Stored food contains enough energy for the embryo to grow through the soil, when seedling is unable to photosynthesize.•Food source can be the _________, which is ______ (_n) – as a result of double fertilizationSeed coat•A thick protective coat – outer layer of the seed •Formed from the _______________Seed coatGymnosperm seed•Single fertilization produces the diploid embryo (2n)•Food source is the haploid megagametophyteFlowering plant seed•In angiosperms (flowering plants) there is•DOUBLE _______________•Which produces a diploid ________(2n) and,•A triploid (3n) __________•Endosperm is the food sourceDicot vs. monocot seed•Dicot has two cotyledons (like bean)•Endosperm (food) is kept in the _________•Monocot has one __________ which absorbs the endosperm tissue during germination (corn)Fruit•In flowering plants – Fruit is a mature, ripened o_____ that contains the seeds•Pericarp – the ovary wallovaryFruit types•A. Simple•B. Aggregate•C. MultipleA. Simple fruit•A. Simple fruit – develops from a ______ ovary of a single flower.•Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when mature•Simple fleshy fruit•1. __________•2. Hesperidium•3. __________•4. Pepo•5. _________Simple fleshy fruit•1. Berry – entire fruit wall is soft and fleshy at maturity. Inside is slimy.•For example, grapes, tomato, etc.•2. _______________ is a berry with tough, leathery rind (peel) •Examples: oranges, lemons, other citrus.Simple fleshy fruit: drupe•3. _______ type – outer part of fruit wall is soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and stony•For example: ______________________Simple fleshy fruit: pepo•4. ________ – also a fleshy fruit with a tougher outer rind•All member of the squash family: pumpkin, melons, cucumbersSimple fleshy fruit: pome•5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes develops from the enlarged base of the perianth (corolla and calyx) that has fused with the ovary wall•Pomes include ___________________Simple dry fruit: capsule•Simple dry fruits are dry (not fleshy) at maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at maturity include: capsules and legumes•Capsule – fruit is dry at maturity and splits open along several seams•Example: CottonSimple dry fruit: Legumes•Legumes are dry at maturity and split open along _______ seams•Examples: pea pods, bean pods, peanutSimple dry fruits•Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at maturity include•Caryopsis: seed coat is fused to the ovary wall (cereal grains like ____________________)•Nuts: single-ovary wall and seed coat remain separate, ovary wall is very hard(acorns)B. _____________•__________ fruit develops from one flower with many separate pistils/carpels, all ripening simultaneously•Examples: strawberry, raspberries, blackberriesC. Multiple fruit•Multiple fruit develops from ovaries of several flowers borne/fused together on the same stalk•For example: ____________What is the purpose of the fruit?•The main function of the fruit is to disperse the seeds•Dispersal is important because •1. It spreads the progeny in order to colonize new environments•2. Reduces ______________ for resources with parents•3. Reduces the chances of predators destroying all of the plant’s yearly seed production•Four types of seed dispersal:•A. Self dispersal•B. ______ dispersal•C. Water dispersal•D. _______ dispersalA. Self dispersal•Plants disperse their seeds by forceful ejection – explosive fruits!•Witch hazel, squirting cucumber (jet propulsion)Self dispersal•The peanut plant sows (buries) its own seeds!•Geocarpic: carpel grows inside the earth (soil)B. Wind dispersal•Fruit and seeds may have special devices for wind dispersal•Plumes catch wind currents: Dandelion•Trees take advantage of their great heights for wind dispersal. Fruits with wings are used to slow the descent to land: maple, ash fruitC. ___________ Dispersal•Fruits and/or seeds use flotation devices to travel by water (in rivers, oceans, etc.)•Fruit may have air spaces and corky floats: for example ________________D. Animal dispersal•Plants have _____________ with animals to accomplish seed dispersal•Many plants depend on animals for seed dispersal; they may offer a nutritional reward•Animals learn to recognize ripened fruit colors•Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with fecesAnimal dispersal•Some dry fruit attach and cling to animals (they hitchhike on the animals)•Some have Velcro-like hooks that cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)•Others have sticky substances that stick to host (mistletoe)Video on seed dispersal•Watch the video, take notes, answer these questions:•What carries the dandelion seeds for miles?•What feature of trees gives them a particular advantage when dispersing seeds by air?•How does the squirting cucumber disperse its seeds?•Although plants use wind and water, what do most plants use as carriers for their seeds?•Blackberries on a tree do not ripen simultaneously, why?•What plant do elephants help to disperse? How do they do it? What percentage of these seeds germinate in elephant dung?


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