BSCI124 Terms to Know:- Meristem = region of embryonic tissue capable of developing new parts of the plant- Life Molecules – o 1. Carbohydrates (sugars, starches)o 2. Lipids (fat, oils, waxes)o 3. Proteins (amino acids)o 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) Life’s molecules are…- A) carbon-based- B) made up of C, H, O, P, N- C) created by smaller molecules that are built up- D) function depends on structure, structure depends on function!o Carbohydrates: Organic molecules made of C, O, H Most abundant life molecule 3 types = - monosaccharideo glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit), ribose (DNA RNA)- disaccharides = two monosaccharideso sucrose (table sugar), maltose (2 monosaccharide), lactose (milk)- polysaccharides = long string of monosaccharideso starch (energy storage), cellulose (plant cell walls) CnH2nOn Function of Carbohydrates:- A) energy storage- B) structure in plants- C) acids, like nucleic and amino acidso Lipids: Made up of C, O, H (sometimes P) Fats and oils made up of 2 building blocks:- 1. Glycerol- 2. Fatty acids (single bonds = flat; ex. butter) (double bounds = bent; ex. oil) DO NOT dissolve in water- Hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads Function of Lipids:- A) high-energy food- B) part of the cell membrane- C) energy storage of lipids:o i. monoglycerides (glycerol + fatty acid chain)o ii. Diglycerides (monoglyceride + 2 fatty acid chain)o iii. Triglyceride (diglycerides + 3 fatty acid chain)  triglycerides have highest energyo Proteins Made up of C, H, O, S, N Building blocks of proteins are amino acids (there are 20) Function of Proteins- Animal structure- Building blocks of cells- Enzymes = speed up the process- Transport: help decide what makes it through the Plasma Membraneo Nucleic Acids Organic molecules made up of C, H, O, P, N Basic unit is a nucleotide, made of 3 parts:- 1. Phosphate- 2. Nitrogenous base- 3. Sugar long chains of nucleotides (examples: DNA, RNA) nucleotide compound: ATP- ATP = energy transfer/exchangeo Functions of Nucleotides: Information storage (DNA, RNA) Energy carrier (ATP)- Cell = basic building block of all living thingso Each cell is functionally independento Cell Theory: 1. Basic unit of life 2. Organisms are composed of cells 3. Cells are composed of other cellso Two Types of Cells: A) Prokaryotic Cells = bacteria cells, much older and smaller, haveno organelles B) Eukaryotic Cells = cells of animals, plants, etc.; younger cells that are 10-100 times bigger than Prokaryotic cells that are made up of organelleso Difference between animal and plant cells: 1. Cell walls = protects and supports the cell, made out of cellulose- primary cell wall = outermost wall- secondary cell wall = second layer of cell wall- plasma membrane- middle lamella = “paste” like substance that holds two different cells together 2. Vacuole = water solution of sugars that makes up 90% of plant cell volume 3. Chloroplast = where photosynthesis takes place 4. Plasmodesmata = passageway between cellso Cell membrane (also called plasma membrane) lipid bi-layer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that hadproteins floating around to allow passage throughout the membraneo Cytosol = matrix of water in cell membraneo Cytoplasm = where cytosol and organelles areo Protoplast = name of the whole plant cell enclosed by the cell wall- Nucleus = area where all genetic information was storedo Chromosomes: DNA storageo Nucleolus: where ribosome were formed Ribosome = site for protein synthesis; use information contained inDNA- Mitochondria = sugars are transformed into energy- Chloroplast = where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll which makes the plant green- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cello Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, used to package and transport proteins o Rough ER: has ribosomes for protein synthesis- Golgi Apparatus = distribution and shipping department for the cell's chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export as outside of the cell- Endosymbiont Theory = chloroplasts and mitochondria are descendents of prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells; was mutually beneficial relationship- Plant Anatomy = study of structure of a plant (organelles)- Plant Physiology = study of function of cells in a plant- 3 types of plant tissue:o 1. Dermal tissue (outermost tissue) epidermis = outermost dermis skin cuticle/Casparian strip = waxy cover to help protect the tissue Trichomes/root hairs = help water and nutrient absorptiono 2. Vascular (transport system) xylem = transports water from roots to stems and leaves; cells are dead and only have cell wall- tracheids: long pipe-like structures- vessel: short, wide tubes  phloem = transports dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant; cells are alive- STM (sieve tube members): make up phloem- Companion cells: help load materials into STM- Sieve tube plates: pores of STMo 3. Ground tissue (bulk of inner layer) = metabolism, storage, support- Plant tissue in the plant:o Roots Dermis = have an epidermis that protects and absorbs- Root cap = tubular extensions of epidermal cells- Root hairs to help absorb water and minerals Ground tissue (cortex) = supports and stores sugars and starches- Endodermis = innermost layer of the cortex-Casparian strip = similar to cuticle; waxy, helps keep water out and let in minerals needed for xylemo Stems Herbaceous vs. woody Dermis- Epidermis- Cuticle- Root hairs (trichomes) Vascular (vascular tissue located on the outside of trees)- Vascular bundles = where xylem and phloem areo Xylem = conducts watero Phloem = conducts food-Vascular cambium = area between the xylem and the phoem Ground tissue- Stores food, site of photosynthesiso Leaves Blade: flat expanded area; petiole: stalk that connects leaf blade to stem Dermis- Epidermis is transparent- Cuticle/trichomes-Lower epidermis with stomata (pores that are used to let out gas) Vascular- Veins: composed of xylem, phloem and bundle sheaths (photosynthetic cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. They form a protective covering on leaf veins, and consist of one or more cell layers) Ground tissue (leaf mesophyll)- Middle area of the cell composed of two