Exam II study guide:Lecture 8: PLANT DIVERSITYPlant Systematics:“King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti”Names are binomials of genus and speciesExample:Homo Sapiens (humans)Acer rebrum (red maple) Acer saccharum (sugar maple)Taxonomic Hierarchy“King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti”3 domains: Archaea, Eubacteria & EukaryotaExam II study guide:Lecture 8: PLANT DIVERSITYPlant Systematics:Common names have evolved for plants over time, but one problem with that is there are several differentnames in different regions and can be mixed up.Genus: similar plant species form a group (genera-plural)Genera form familiesFamilies go into orders, class, divisions and kingdomsKingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species“King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti” Names are binomials of genus and speciesExample: Homo Sapiens (humans)Acer rebrum (red maple) Acer saccharum (sugar maple)Taxonomic Hierarchy“King David Came Over For Great Spaghetti”3 domains: Archaea, Eubacteria & Eukaryota6 Kingdoms:ArchaebacteriaEubacteria (true bacteria)ProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia10 divisions:Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts)PsylophytaLycophyta (club mosses)Sphenophyta (horsetails)Pterophyta (ferns)Cycadophyta (cycads)Ginkgophyta (ginkgo biloba)Coniferophyta (conifers)Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)SpeciesA set of individuals closely related by a common ancestor can reproduce with each other but not others. Morphological species concept: based on their morphological features (body)Biological species: a group of interbreeding populations, fertile offspring.Evolutionary species: a group of individuals with common evol. LineageMany species look different but can still interbreed (dogs, plants)HOWEVER: some plants look the same but due to POLYPOIDY cant interbreed (ferns, evening primrose)Carlos Linnaeus:Father of Taxonomy. (systematic botany)Modern system of nomenclatureNamed flowers after husband and wife parts (stamen & pistil)Published Systema Naturae in 1753.EvolutionGenetic change in population of organisms occurring over time.Inherited, not acquired traitsJean-Baptiste Lamarck (PRE-DARWIN)Theory that organisms have a force towards greater complexityBut he believed acquired traits could be passed on to generations“Use it or lose it” theory and inheritance of acquired traitsStretching of giraffes to get higher leaves (long necks)Charles Darwin1809-1882 born in England 5 yr world tour as a naturalistObserves that island animals are similar to mainland animals but they show differences that are a reflection of their island lifestyles/Marries his cousin and works for 16 yrs to publish “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” (1859)Controversial because of creationismNatural SelectionVariationMember within a species exhibit individual differences, must be inheritable. Sexual Reproduction is KEYOverproductionNatural populations increase geometrically producing more offspring than will survive.CompetitionCompeting for the same resources “struggle for existence”Survival to reproduceOnly best suited individuals will survive and reproduce “survival of the fittest”Works on the individual phenotype in turn changes the population gene pool, lost period of time are necessary, offspring inherit favorable traits, increasing chance of survivaleventually new, better species come to existence.Artificial SelectionSelective breeding by humans on other speciesRates of EvolutionGradualismStates that evolution occurs slowly (Darwinism)Punctuated EquilibriumEvolution proceeds with periods of inactivity followed by high activity (Gould & Eldridge model)Fossil records support this view.However, fossil records only have evidence of morphology, so there might be stasis in morphology while evolutionary change is till active.Lecture 9:Natural SelectionDirectional:One trait at the extreme of the range is favored over individuals with the average or opposite extreme trait.Stabilizing:The average trait is favored over the extreme traitsDisruptive:The extreme traits are favored over individuals with the average trait.Evolution Evidence:Comparative anatomyHomologous organs (similar in form in different species due to commonevolutionary origin)Share same common origin, but different functionsExample: same bone structure in human arm and in bat armPlants: lettuce leaves, pea tendrils and cactus spines have different functions but all come from the same origin (leaf)Analogous organs (similar look and/or function in different organisms but do not share common evolutionary Origin)Example: Wings of insects vs. wings of birdsIn some plants stem may look like leaves but different origins!Convergent evolution (process in which unrelated organisms in a similar environment adapt similarly)Example: Cacti, milkweed and euphorbia.Vestigial organs (organs/parts that are non-functional)No selective function to keep it but non to get rid alsoExample: leg bones in snakes, whales, wisdom teeth, appendixMimicry and protective coloration Mimicry: A harmless species may resemble a dangerous oneExample: moths as wasps, viceroy mimics monarchProtective Coloration: coloration allows an organism to blend with the environmentExample: stone plants in SW Africa resemble stonesDevelopmental BiologyEarly embryos of different mammal species look very much alike and share common featuresBiogeographyUnequal distribution of organisms on earthKangaroos in AustraliaEach species originated only once in a certain area Then they spread out once they have barriersArtificial SelectionSelective breeding as practiced by humansBiochemistry & Molecular BiologyGenes provide and evolutionary recordIf common ancestor then:Same genetic molecule DNAUse DNA the same DOGMAPortions should be the sameFOSSILS:Any trace left by a previous organismMost are preserved in sedimentary rocksOldest rocks have simplest life form, most recent have complex life formsHorsetail plant and fernMost compelling argument towards evolutionRare and not complete, it is ever growingAdaptationProcess by which genetic changes occurTraits that promote the survival and reproductive success of an organism in a particular environmentSpecific anatomical, physiological or biochemical structures/ mechanisms arise during evolution as a response to environmentMay originate as mutationsWithout the adaptations species can become extinctExample in plants: Protection: trying to avoid predation from herbivoresDesert plants with