LECTURE 15 AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN NUTRITION UNIT III HUMAN USES OF PLANTS Agriculture the science art and practice of cultivating soil producing crops and raising livestock Early history survived as foragers hunter gatherers 10000 years ago shift to farming early sites 1 Near East Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia Iran Iraq Turkey Syria Lebanon and Israel a Plants wheat barley pea lentil b Animals goat sheep dogs 2 Far East southeast Asia Thailand China along yellow and Yangtze rivers a Plants rice millet broomcorn millet rapeseed and hemp b Animals domesticated cattle pigs dogs and poultry 3 New World Mexico and Peru a Plants Mexico beans corn tomato peanut chili peppers squash Peru potato cacao Domesticated Plants Genetically distinct from wild progenitors Wild Plants Natural Selection ancestors help develop new varieties and maintain genetic diversity Cultivated Plants Center of origin region where cultivated plants are from and dispersed to areas of the world by explorers invaders travelers etc Artificial selection traits selected for benefit Modern Agriculture U S Steady increase in yield per acre o Improved crop varieties o Improved agricultural practice o Improved pest control o Tailored Fertilization of crops Human Nutrition daily nutritional needs in human diets are supplied by Macronutrients required in large amounts fuel needed for cellular respiration 1 Carbohydrates 4cal gr composed of C H O divided into a Monosaccharides building block energy ii Fructose galactose b Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides joined i Sucrose Glucose Fructose table sugar ii Lactose Milk sugar Maltose germinating grains c Polysaccharides multiple individual sugar units i Glucose most abundant transported in blood metabolized during respiration to produce i Starch long glucose chain stored in plants broken into glucose by saliva enzymes ii Glycogen storage form of glucose iii Fiber derived from plant cellulose composed of glucose dietary fiber can be 1 Soluble found in oat reduces cholesterol 2 Insoluble Found in fruit bran vegetables prevents constipation cancer 2 Proteins complex molecules composed of amino acids 20 different a Functions requires enzymes some cannot be broken down completely i Structure support collagen ii Digestion iii Hormones insulin regulates glucose in blood iv Transport hemoglobin oxygen v Storage amino acids Sources meat fish cheese milk egg beans corn soy bean whole wheat oatmeal peanut butter b c Essential Amino Acids 9 must come from diet body cannot make d High Quality complete digestible free amino acids absorbed readily e Complete Proteins contain all essential amino acids Complete animal source Incomplete plant source must be combined 1 3 Fats lipids composed of C H O have hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail fatty acid Insoluble a Bad cause obesity heat disease b Functions Vs Good Fatty acids are source of body energy Insulation i Energy storage animal fat veggie oil ii iii Hormones corisol estrogen testosterone iv Structural cholesterol c Triglycerides compose 95 of lipids glycerol 3 Fatty acids d Essential Fatty Acids 3 linoleic linolenic arachidonic acid must be provided by diet e Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acid i Saturated carbon atoms joined by single bond solid at room temp butter lard beef fat obesity heart disease cancer ii Unsaturated carbon double bonds liquid at room temp corn oil olive oil safflower oil plant lower heart disease cholesterol f Cholesterol subcategory of lipids steroids make cell membrane human hormone i Animal products egg butter meat cheese high cholesterol ii Plant products unsaturated fat lower cholesterol levels iii Good High Density Lipoprotein iv Bad Low Density Lipoprotein causes blockage of arteries atherosclerosis hardening of arteries Micronutrients required in small amounts a Fat Soluble A D E K 1 Vitamins coenzymes essential for functioning of enzymes involved in synthesizing compounds i A important in formation of vision pigments maintains smooth healthy skin absence causes night blindness dry skin infection lack of bone growth 1 Animal sources liver 2 Plant sources yellow orange dark green fruits and veggies ii D regulates calcium and phosphorous levels in bone development synthesized exposure to sun absence causes bone malformation rickets 1 Sources egg liver cream butter milk fortified b Water Soluble B complex C i B Complex 8 Vitamins act as coenzymes food breakdown release energy absence causes fatigue weakness depression dermatitis anemia 1 Animal sources meat fish chicken B12 only animal 2 Plant sources whole grains seeds nuts legumes ii C synthesizes collagen connective cell tissue in bones teeth cartilage antioxidant absorbs iron absence causes scurvy bloody gums hemorrhages fatigue brittle bones and death 1 Plant sources citrus fruits lemon orange grapefruit fresh fruits and veggies 2 Minerals inorganic compounds as free ions or part of larger molecule 17 required by body a Calcium most abundant found in bones and teeth deficiency causes osteoporosis bone density reduced causing fracture i Sources dairy products dark green leafy veggies seeds nuts b c Iron trace mineral component of hemoglobin oxygen in red blood cells deficiency causes anemia too much is toxic i Animal Sources liver shellfish fish poultry ii Plant Sources dark leafy veggies dried fruits legumes beans whole grains breads Iodine trace mineral formation of thyroid hormones to regulate metabolism deficiency causes goiter swelling of thyroid i Source iodized salt Calorie amount of energy required to 1 gram of water 1 degree C humans require 1200 3200 per day depending on age sex and activity level Food energy measured in kilocalories Dietary guidelines Diseases linked to nutrition cardiovascular hypertension diabetes Read food labels Lecture 16 Grasses legumes starchy staples Grasses Cereals Wheat Corn Rice and other grains MOST IMPORTANT FOOD GROUP Legumes Beans peas peanut soybean forage legume 2 Starchy Staples Potato sweet potato cassava and other crops Grasses 25 of world vegetation from arctic to prairies savannas and tropics o Monocots herbaceous parallel venation flower parts in 3s scattered vascular bundles fibrous roots o Importance Cereals edible grains major supplier of calories concentrated food source o Flowers perfect wheat rice or imperfect corn wind pollination large anther 2 stigma produce catch pollen o Fruit simple dry fruit do not open at maturity Caryposis seed coat fused to ovary wall o Forage herbaceous perennials grown for