BSCI124 Exam 3 Guide Lecture 15 Agriculture Human Nutrition Agriculture Origins of Agriculture 1 Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia 14 000 years ago wheat barely lentil 2 Southeast Asia Thailand 8 000 years ago rice millet broomcorn millet rapeseed and hemp 3 New World Mexico 10 12 000 years ago corn potato squash Agriculture in the US 1 9 billion acres in US 16 crop land 34 pasture grazing 4 major crops Corn wheat soybeans and hay Increase in Agriculture without an increase in land Improved crops varieties higher yield Improved agricultural practices Improved pest control resistant cultivars 1 2 3 4 Tailored fertilization of crops Nutrition Carbohydrates A Monosaccharide basic building block of all carbohydrates glucose is most important used in respiration B Disaccharide 2 monos joined together sucrose sugar is most abundant C Polysaccharide long chains of glucose starch in potato broken down into glucose by saliva made up of amino acids 20 different types Complete proteins contain all the essential amino acids complete from animals incomplete from plants body produces 11 AA the 9 it cannot make on its own are the essential amino acids have glycerol head and fatty acid tail insoluble in water saturated fats carbon atom joined by a single bond solid at room temperature beef fat butter unsaturated fats carbon atom joined by a double bond liquid at room temperature oil saturated leads to obesity heart disease unsaturated lowers cholesterol levels omega 3 cholesterol are important for making cell membranes animal products contain high cholesterol o LDL is bad blocks arteries HDL is good helps lower LDL Proteins Fats lipids Vitamins Vitamin A fat soluble Formation of vision pigments maintain smooth healthy skin bone and tooth development Sources animal liver plant yellow orange veg fruits Lack of Vitamin A causes night blindness dry scaly skin infections lack of bone growth Vitamin B water soluble Vitamin C water soluble There are 8 vitamins help breakdown food Deficiency of Vitamin B complex causes fatigue weakness depression dermatitis anemia Good sources of Vitamin B are meat fish chicken whole grains seeds nuts legumes important role in the synthesis of collagen bones teeth cartilage Lack of Vitamin C causes scurvy bleeding gums hemorrhages in skin fatigue brittle bones and maybe death Good sources are citrus fruit lemon orange grapefruit and other fresh fruits and vegetables Vitamin D fat soluble regulate calcium and phosphorous levels in normal bone development can be synthesized on exposure to sunlight Deficiency can cause bone malformation called rickets Minerals Calcium Calcium deficiency causes osteoporosis a degenerative bone disease Found in bones teeth most abundant mineral in the body comes from dairy products spinach nuts seeds Iron Good plant sources dark green leafy vegetables dried fruits legumes bean whole grains breads and cereals Good animal sources liver shellfish fish and poultry Functions as a component of hemoglobin the molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells Iodine Calories required for the formation of the thyroid hormones that regulate cell metabolism deficiency causes goiter swelling of the thyroid gland Iodized salt is the best source of iodine amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C Food energy measured in kilocalories Lecture 16 Grasses Legumes Starchy Staples Grasses General Features Stems vary Upright stem is called culm usually surrounded by sheaths Leaves are linear form a sheath and have parallel venation Blades are secondary stems growing from the base of the main stem Root system is fibrous many small roots grow from the crown Features of Grain wheat Endosperm 3n large cells filled with starch grains supplies food to germinating seedling Origin wild wheat species found in Near East formed polypoid species used today embryo is the young plant 2n aka the germ is rich in oils proteins vitamins bran consists of outer layers of old fruit wall seed coat and aleurone layer Features of Corn Features of Rice Origin Central Mexico Has a tassle at the end of the stem has an ear on a lateral branch The silks coming from the ears are the stigmas of each female Origin southeast Asia Rice has air chambers on roots and stems to allow aeration of submerged parts Rice is planted on rice paddies flooded fields drained for harvesting when rice is mature Other Important Grains Oats highly nutritious high protein many vitamins minerals soluble fiber helps lower bad cholesterol Barley used mostly for brewing beer and animal feed Legumes General Features Uses Legumes are members of the bean family examples peas beans peanuts lentils Mostly herbaceous seeds are large Legumes are nitrogen fixers they take nitrogen from the air and turn it into proteins which are consumed by animals Beans native to Mexico rich in protein hundreds of species Peas originated in Near East rich in protein Soybean native to China used in cooking oil salad dressings and mayo Starchy Staples Potato originated in South America grows well in high elevations Sweet Potato native to Caribbean requires a tropical climate not a yam Plantain from SE Asia hybrid cultivator of banana family General Features Starch is the most widespread storage form of energy in plants broken down by saliva Cassava from Brazil processed to remove cyanide used in tapioca Yam used as food source of steroids to make cortisone and medicine Taro from SE Asia Lecture 17 Fibers Herbs Spices Fibers 3 definitions Botanical long tapering cell thick wall made of cellulose found in vascular tissue Commercial long flexible may be hair wool or nylon Nutritional fiber is a polysaccharide that comes from cellulose indigestible in food Types of Plant Fibers Cotton from Peru grows best in humid climates cotton seeds have 20 000 hairs attached Flax from Switzerland adapted to cold climates woven to make linen Hemp from China used to make canvas paper Jute from India used to make ropes Sisai henequin from Mexico used to make sacks rope Kapok from South America used for stuffing life preservers Coir from coconut used for door mats Paper wood pulp slurry of water and separated wood fiber cells Types of Paper Printing writing newsprint tissue and packing Paperboard packing paper bags corrugated containers Spices What part of the plant do they come from Aromatic plant organs stems fruits seeds roots bark What is their origin history Black pepper cinnamon were imported by Greeks from India What uses do they have