Chapter 13 PSY 2012 SpiresPersonality: Theories and Assessments- Personality – a unique set of behaviors that are consistent and enduring throughout the lifespan of the organism- The basic core of the personality is set by age 5.- Phrenology – determining personality by examining physical characteristics- Somatotypes – (William Sheldon)o Endomorph – outgoing; jollyo Mesomorph – muscular; highly-competitive; border on aggressivenesso Ectomorph – shy; not competitive; thin; academically successful- 16PF (16 Personality Factors) – Cattello Measures sociability traits of stable peopleo Does not measure gross disturbed personality- Psychoanalytic Theory – Freudo Id – primary process or pleasure principleo Ego – reality principleo Superego – conscience- Those with no superego have antisocial personality disorder.o Sociopathic – no remorse but fully normalo Psychopathic – no remorse and psychotically unstable- Libido – raw psychological energy that energizes the personality- Erogenous zones – any region of the body that when manipulated produces pleasure- Cathexis – either male or female- Anticathexis – regulates the cathexis- Psychosexual Stages of Development – Freud1. Oral Stage – oral membrane is stimulated as a source of pleasure2. Anal Stage – pleasure is derived from peeing and pooping3. Phallic Stage – boys experience Oedipus complex (loves his mother); girls experience Electra complex (loves her father)4. Latency Period – long period where nothing really happens5. Genital Period – starts to look for a mate that is often similar to the opposite sex parentPage 1 of 3Chapter 13 PSY 2012 Spires- Defense Mechanisms – protect us from psychologically challenging problemso Denialo Rationalizationo Displacement (involves scapegoats; “taking it out” on someone else)o Projectiono Reaction formation (express opposite emotion)o Sublimation (express a socially unacceptable behavior in an acceptable way)- Analytic Psychology – Carl Gustave Jungo Ego – everything we are conscience ofo Collective unconsciousness – we all inherit personality traits from ancestors Archetypes – where the inherited personality traits are stored from generation to generationo Persona – personality mask Anima – female component Animus – male component- Individual Psychology – Alfred Adlero We strive toward superiority because of underlying inferiority; also believed in organ inferiority- Humanistic Theories For therapy with these theories:- You must show an unconditional respect for others.- You must show empathy for the persono Maslow – believed in the hierarchy of needs and that when all needs were met that the individual will become self-actualizedo Client Centered Therapy – Carl Rogers Believed that there were two parts of the person, organism and self-ideal, and that conflicts developed when there wasn’t a balance betweenthe organism and the self-ideal- Personality Assessments Validity – does it measure what it intends to measure Reliability – will the test give the same answer each time it is administeredo Self-report Tests Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - Most used personality assessment in the world- Measures gross personality issues- Consists of 566 True/False statements- LFK is the validity scale and the rest are clinical scalesPage 2 of 3Chapter 13 PSY 2012 Spireso Projective Tests Involves showing the individual images to record how they respond. (Ink blobs)- Rorschach - TAT Page 3 of