Chapter 4 PSY 2012 SpiresPrinciples of Learning and Behavior- Learning – a relatively permanent change in potential behavior that results from experience- How does learning take place?o Associative Learning  Classical conditioning – (Paired learning) - Accidently discovered by Ivan Pavlov- Components of classical conditioning:o Unconditioned stimulus – (UCS) – a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response or reflexo Unconditioned response – (UCR) – an unlearned response or reflex caused by an unconditioned stimuluso Conditioned stimulus – (CS) – elicits a response only after being associated with an unconditioned stimuluso Conditioned response – (CR) – a learned response to a conditioned stimulus Operant conditioning –- Present something to ensure a behavior will continue- Reinforcers – the thing used to continue behavior1. Must be applied consistently2. Strong enough to change behavior3. Must occur immediately after behavioro Positive – something is added to continue behavioro Negative – something is removed to continue behavioro Punishment – makes the behavior stop- Learned helplessness – becomes accustomed to being helpless so it doesn’t try to escape it- Extinction – occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented alone without the UCS- Reinstatement – the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction has taken place- Stimulus Generalization – the process by which people and animals respond to similar stimuli without undergoing training for each specific stimulus- Stimulus Discrimination – the ability to distinguish between similar conditioned stimuli and responding only to actual conditioned stimuli- Conditioned Emotional Responses Page 1 of 2Chapter 4 PSY 2012 Spireso John Watson – “Little Albert” study – proved that emotional responses in humans can be conditioned- Higher order conditioning – when two or more conditioned stimuli are paired together- Natural reaction is an unconditioned response.- Spontaneous recovery – the behavior reappears after a long time without being relearned- Phobia – irrational fear- Systematic desensitization – psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition – gradual approach from the least fear provoking to the most provoking until the phobia is gone- Implosive therapy – instant rush of anxiety to treat phobias- Insight – sudden flash of knowledge and the source can’t be identified- Shaping – the reinforcement of successive approximations of the behavior that you wishto achieve- Observational Learning (Social Learning)o Bandura conducted research on this type of learning- Primary reinforcer – meets a biological need- Secondary reinforcer – any other form of reinforcement- Latent learning – earlier learned behavior that exhibits itself laterPage 2 of