Final Review (12, 13, 15) PSY 2012 SpiresEmotion, Stress, and Coping Strategies- Opponent process theory of emotion – theory that when a strong emotional response to a particular stimulus disrupts emotional balance, an opposite response is eventually activated to restore equilibrium- Affect – result of an emotional state- Stress – any nonspecific response that we have when the body is under pressureo Distress – (Negative)o Eustress – (Positive)- Stressor – anything that causes stress- We are always either is stress or recovering from a stressful situation.- Stress has been involved in every human illness.- 85% of people visiting a general care doctor are really suffering from a psychophysiological disorder.- High cholesterol is directly correlated with stress.- 90% of hypotensive patients have essential hypertension (resulting from stress) and only10% have physical issues.- General Adaptation Syndrome – developed by Hans Selye1. Alarm – something triggers the sympathetic nervous system to respond2. Resistance – this stage is when we try to deal with the stressor; if the stress is successfully handled the body prepares itself for the process to repeat fora different situation3. Exhaustion – nervous breakdown; psychological functionality decreases- Causes of Stresso Changeo Unpredictabilityo Lack of Controlo Conflicts Approach-approach (2 positive goals) Avoidance-approach (1 positive goal, avoid the other) Avoidance-avoidance (avoid both) Double approach-avoidance (2 positive goals, 2 to avoid)Page 1Final Review (12, 13, 15) PSY 2012 Spires- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – (shell shock) can be triggered by many traumaticsituations; patients are hypersensitive; it is classified as an anxiety disorder- Fight or Flight Response – coined by Herbert Denson; the body’s natural way of dealing with stress- Biofeedback – operates from the Galvanic Skin Response- Autogenic Method – learn to regulate your thoughtsPage 2Final Review (12, 13, 15) PSY 2012 SpiresChapter 12 Sample Test Questions1. Royce is a hard driving employee who cannot say, “No.” He takes on responsibilities that he doesn’t have time to perform. He finds it difficult to relax. Royce can be classified as having ____________ personality type.- Type A2. What are the three elements of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome?- Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion3. Discuss in general the concept of psychoneuroimmunology?- Psychoneuroimmunology is the scientific study of the relationships between behavior and disease processes.4. Explain in detail the opponent process theory of emotion.- The opponent process theory of emotion states that when a strong emotional response to a particular stimulus disrupts emotional balance, an opposite response is eventually activated to restore emotional equilibrium.5. Differentiate between eustress and distress.- Eustress is stress that results in a positive action. Distress is stress that results negatively and can harm the person.Page 3Final Review (12, 13, 15) PSY 2012 SpiresPersonality: Theories and Assessments- Personality – a unique set of behaviors that are consistent and enduring throughout the lifespan of the organism- The basic core of the personality is set by age 5.- Phrenology – determining personality by examining physical characteristics- Somatotypes – (William Sheldon)o Endomorph – outgoing; jollyo Mesomorph – muscular; highly-competitive; border on aggressivenesso Ectomorph – shy; not competitive; thin; academically successful- 16PF (16 Personality Factors) – Cattello Measures sociability traits of stable peopleo Does not measure gross disturbed personality- Psychoanalytic Theory – Freudo Id – primary process or pleasure principleo Ego – reality principleo Superego – conscience- Those with no superego have antisocial personality disorder.o Sociopathic – no remorse but fully normalo Psychopathic – no remorse and psychotically unstable- Libido – raw psychological energy that energizes the personality- Erogenous zones – any region of the body that when manipulated produces pleasure- Cathexis – either male or female- Anticathexis – regulates the cathexis- Psychosexual Stages of Development – Freud1. Oral Stage – oral membrane is stimulated as a source of pleasure2. Anal Stage – pleasure is derived from peeing and pooping3. Phallic Stage – boys experience Oedipus complex (loves his mother); girls experience Electra complex (loves her father)4. Latency Period – long period where nothing really happens5. Genital Period – starts to look for a mate that is often similar to the opposite sex parentPage 4Final Review (12, 13, 15) PSY 2012 Spires- Defense Mechanisms – protect us from psychologically challenging problemso Denialo Rationalizationo Displacement (involves scapegoats; “taking it out” on someone else)o Projectiono Reaction formation (express opposite emotion)o Sublimation (express a socially unacceptable behavior in an acceptable way)- Analytic Psychology – Carl Gustave Jungo Ego – everything we are conscience ofo Collective unconsciousness – we all inherit personality traits from ancestors Archetypes – where the inherited personality traits are stored from generation to generationo Persona – personality mask Anima – female component Animus – male component- Individual Psychology – Alfred Adlero We strive toward superiority because of underlying inferiority; also believed in organ inferiority- Humanistic Theories For therapy with these theories:- You must show an unconditional respect for others.- You must show empathy for the persono Maslow – believed in the hierarchy of needs and that when all needs were met that the individual will become self-actualizedo Client Centered Therapy – Carl Rogers Believed that there were two parts of the person, organism and self-ideal, and that conflicts developed when there wasn’t a balance betweenthe organism and the self-ideal- Personality Assessments Validity – does it measure what it intends to measure Reliability – will the test give the same answer each time it is administeredo Self-report Tests Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - Most used personality assessment in the world- Measures gross personality issues- Consists of 566