Slide 1Slide 2ObjectivesPersonality and PerceptionSlide 5Slide 6Personality and PerceptionIntro to the Self Twenty Statements TestThe I and the MeSlide 10Slide 11The Contents and Purposes of the SelfThe Contents and Purposes of the SelfThe Contents and Purposes of the SelfThe Declarative SelfThe Declarative SelfSlide 17The Declarative SelfThe Declarative SelfSlide 20The Declarative SelfSlide 22Studies of possible selvesThe Declarative Self: Accurate Self-KnowledgeThe Declarative SelfThe Declarative Self1Psychology of PersonalityLecture 24: 4/25/16Intro to the self and identityStephanie Federspiel, Ph.D.2 Reminder: Section 3 Exam: Wednesday 5/4 in classCh. 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17(additional materials only as covered in class)Office hours this week (room 423 for Stephanie)4/25 (M) 1:30 - 2:15 p.m. and after class until 5 p.m.4/27 (W)1:30 - 2:15 p.m.; 4 – 5 p.m.4/28 (R, Amelia, rm 626) 12:30 - 1:30 p.m. 4/29 (F) 8:00 a.m. - 11:15 a.m. 5/2 (M) 1:30 - 2:15 p.m. 4 – 5 p.m.Possible short answer q’s released tonight 4/25Quizzes due 5/3 12 p.m.; answers released.Objectives•Course evaluations in first 15 minutes•Finish topics related to personality processes•Intro to the self and types of self-knowledge–We’ll include topics on narrative identity & modes of processing next timePersonality and Perception•People are predisposed to perceive the world in different ways…•Priming effects –Recent and/or repeated exposure•Chronic accessibility –personally or socially important constructs, etc.– they may even be unconscious. •Influence perceptions, self-evaluation etc.Examples of personal constructs(remember: they are bipolar, either-or)Good - BadLow class-High classMaximizer-Satisficer---------------------------------------------------------------[Ideal self-dreaded self][Like my mother—not like my mother][controlling and intrusive—freeing and non-interfering]•[] examples of things that are often unconscious/preverbal;•may be part of self•One the board I mentioned 2 unconscious constructs related to patterns of social interaction that are combined to create 4 quadrantsX axis = Love (tenderness) vs. Hate (kill)Y axis = Freeing/noninterfering vs. Control/dominate•We have perceptions and expectations related to where interactions fall in the space defined by these.•We can also develop new words/constructs for the many points that aren’t at these extremes and that we might experience interpersonally6Personality and Perception•Rejection sensitivity–Affects interpretation of ambiguous signals–Often creates a self-fulfilling prophecy–Can result in seemingly inconsistent behavior (Mischel’s group; CAPS)•Aggression: related to perceptions of hostility•Importance of pausing..Intro to the SelfTwenty Statements Test I am ______________.(Fill in the blank different ways)8The I and the Me• The self can have two meanings:–The me (the object, target of self-recognition)–The I (knower, agent, observer)–There are universal and variable aspects…10101. I (knower, agent) Universal Aspects Physical bodyPrivate experience “Origin” of actionMay think about “me”!(self-reflect)2. Me (object)Self-recognition (early) Divergent Aspects Content of self knowledgeHow to characterize? -features, role others?What is maturity? - re: cultural idealThe Self: The I and the Me1111 “I” can think about “me”Self-reflective thought(may be evaluative or not)Maturation (frontal lobe)Cultural expectationsMore Autonomous regulation -own values, pos. self-imageThe Contents and Purposes of the Self•Psychological self–Sense of our identity and consistency–Memories–Knowledge–Influences behavior in many ways•Information processing filter (importance?)The Contents and Purposes of the Self•Jobs and purposes of the self….–Information processing–Self-regulation (values and goals, self-image)•Unity? Conflict?–Identity (interconnected)•Help us relate to othersThe Contents and Purposes of the Self•Declarative knowledge–Conscious “Facts” and impressions, verbalized–Based on semantic and episodic info•Procedural knowledge (actions; when/how)–Implicit self: unconscious self-knowledge influences our behavior, perceptions, etc. –Example: Relational selfThe Declarative Self•Self-esteem–Low self-esteem–Attempts to increase self-esteem may be detrimental–Self-esteem can be too high–How to legitimately increase self-esteem•Self-efficacy–Sets the limits for what we attempt to doThe Declarative Self•The self-schema–Schema: a hypothetical cognitive structure linking ideas/concepts in a coherent system.•Organization has effects on attention, memory, etc!•May enhance attention and memory•We may simplify and distort info to fit the schema–Where the declarative self resides–Can be assessed with S data or B data–Consequences for how one processes information–Not based only on memories of specific events17Schema: Hypothetical cognitive structureSelf-schema: Personality significant self-info!“Center” = esp. relevantLarge, typically very Complex, Frequently activatedEmotionally ladenThe Declarative Self•Self-reference and memory –Self-reference effect•Increases accessibility of new info•Explains why your most meaningful memories stay with you the longest–Depends on cultureThe Declarative Self•Possible selves: Future oriented self-representations. –Aspirations/hopes (ideals)–Obligations/Duties (oughts)–Fears (dreads)–Self-Discrepancy affects emotions.•Most of our daydreams!–Typically “Success” or “Failure” themed.– “worst/dreaded self” is a powerful influence…19•Motivate us by personalizing our goals–incentives (+) and warnings (-).•Help monitor progress toward goals if…1.we have them2.we self-reflect/honestly evaluate discrepancy20The Declarative Self•Self-discrepancy theory –The interactions between possible selves and the actual self determine feelings about life–Ideal self•Discrepancy leads to depression–Ought self•Discrepancy leads to anxiety•Culture may affect elaboration of ought, ideal.•A “dreaded self” may also exist and be motivating….22Studies of possible selves•Effects on mate preferences•Study of “delinquent youth”–Challenge of negotiating positive future selves…•“Lost” possible selves studies –Can be a barrier to happiness, satisfaction, maturity•Happiness & possible