Slide 1ObjectivesOptimistic Humanism: Rogers and MaslowOptimistic Humanism: Self-ActualizationSlide 5Slide 6Optimistic Humanism: Clint-Centered PsychotherapyOptimistic Humanism: The Fully Functioning PersonOptimistic Humanism: The Hierarchy of NeedsSlide 10Optimistic Humanism: The Hierarchy of NeedsOptimistic Humanism: The Hierarchy of NeedsSelf-Determination Theory: Deci and RyanSelf-Determination Theory: Deci and RyanSlide 15Flow: CsikszentmihalyiFlow: CsikszentmihalyiSelf-Determination Theory: Deci and RyanSlide 192 types of “Controlled” Motivation“Controlled” Motivation Examples:2 Types of “Autonomous” Motivation Self-regulationAutonomous Motivation Examples:Slide 242 Traditions/Legacies in MotivationDrive/Deficit View of Motivation (Freud, Murray)Slide 27Personality and PerceptionMotivation: StrategiesWhat about fantasy and daydreaming?What about research on fantasy and daydreaming?Slide 32Humanistic View of MotivationPersonal Construct Theory: KellySlide 35Personal Constructs: KellyPersonal Constructs: KellyEnded here 4/20/16Rep test can also reveal unconscious/preverbal constructsPersonal Constructs: KellyPersonality and PerceptionPersonality and Perception1Psychology of PersonalityLecture 23: 4/20/16Humanistic & Positive Psychology Conceptsand examples of Personality ProcessesStephanie Federspiel, Ph.D.Objectives•Discuss several major humanistic and positive psychology contributions for understanding the phenomenology of personality.•Integrate selected topics related to perceptual, cognitive, and motivational mechanisms behind personality differences.Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow•Began with existential assumptions–Phenomenology is central and people can be understood from the perspective of the their phenomenal field–People have free will•Added another crucial idea–People are basically good (and growth-oriented!)Optimistic Humanism: Self-Actualization•Need for Actualization (growth) (Carl Rogers)–People have a basic tendency and striving: to actualize, maintain, and enhance their own experience.•Develop capacities, social responsibility, autonomous motivation–Goal of existence is to satisfy this need–Where do problems come from?•Failing to be in touch with this motive….•Carl Rogers: Growth natural, but commonly thwarted by external social/societal pressures….–NEED to make conscious goal-directed choices–Unconscious Conflicts lead to Denial, Distortion–Conflict = True self vs. perceived conditions of worth–Can entail living only as a false self/persona–Can entail rigid sense of future possible selves….Optimistic Humanism: Obstacles to Self-Actualization6Optimistic Humanism: Clint-Centered Psychotherapy•Goal: help client become fully functioning, in touch with own personal experience (thoughts, feelings/desires and patterns); not conflicted by conditions of worth and related anxieties. •Therapist focuses on understanding client’s conscious “phenomenal field” and offering:1. Acceptance2. Empathy3. Unconditional Positive regardOptimistic Humanism: The Fully Functioning Person•Not held back by “Conditions of worth”—i.e., thinking people will only value you if you are good enough, do what they want/expect, etc.•Able to face and explore the world without crippling fear, self-doubt, or neurotic defenses •Clearly aware of reality, your choices, etc.–Rogers: organismic valuing: able to want what is good for you rather than what is bad for you.–Has roots in others’ awareness/acceptance of you!Optimistic Humanism: The Hierarchy of Needs•Abrahham Maslow–Agreed that there was a need to self-actualize, but it was often thwarted/not motivating to the person.•Hierarchy of needs: how human motivation is characterized–Lower needs must be met firstMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.Optimistic Humanism: The Hierarchy of Needs•Update to Maslow’s hierarchy© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.Optimistic Humanism: The Hierarchy of Needs•Practical applications–Career choice–Employee motivation–Understand happiness in different cultures–Understand emotional consequences of different motivational strategies and golasSelf-Determination Theory: Deci and Ryan•Based on distinction between two ways of seeking happiness–Hedonia–Eudaimonia•Hedonia is dangerous•Extrinsic versus intrinsic goalsSelf-Determination Theory: Deci and Ryan•Three central intrinsic (growth-promoting) goals are claimed to be universal–Relatedness (love, connection)–Autonomy (self as origin of behavior)–Competence (expanding your capacities/skills)•Research supports the value of activities/contexts that support these goals. •Can be mapped onto other goal taxonomies..What types of goals are promoted/valued in different macrocontexts?•Extrinsic Goals–Fame, Wealth, Appearance predicts lowered well being, life satisfaction•EVEN WHEN ACHIEVED.•Intrinsic Goals–Meet Basic Needs•A, R, C• predicts increased well being, life satisfactionFlow: Csikszentmihalyi•Promoting optimal experience•Pursue Autotelic activities•Flow–Tremendous concentration, total lack of distractibility, thoughts concerning only the activity at hand–Mood that is slightly elevated–Time seems to pass very quickly•When challenge matches skillFlow: Csikszentmihalyi•The secret for enhancing your quality of life•Would you spend the majority of your life in a state of flow if you could?© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.Self-Determination Theory: Deci and Ryan•Experiences of relatedness, competence, and autonomy shape development!• They affect self-regulation, social integration, and unity of inner life:–feelings of reward/happiness with goal pursuit rather than just feelings of compulsion and relief. –Overlap with other theories:•Parent support of ABC’s  child key competencies•Fully functioning vs. conditions of worth•Development/competence goal (incremental theory) vs. (positive) Judgment goal (entity theory)Self Determination Theory identifiesan Autonomy Gradient in Behavior: 4. Integrated Regulation 3. Identified Regulation 2. Introjected Regulation 1. External RegulationAutonomous MotivationMore Intrinsic,Self-determinedControlled Motivation(Amotivation)2 types of “Controlled” MotivationIntrojected RegulationBecause otherwise you’re unacceptable.•Low persistence•Low satisfaction. •Anxiety!!External