Slide 1Exam 1ObjectivesThe Essential-Trait ApproachThe Essential-Trait Approach: Examples of theoretical attemptsSlide 6The Essential-Trait ApproachThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondExtraversion:Slide 13Facet Traits: Extraversion (NEO-PI) Costa & McCraeThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondMechanistic/Process Understanding Is Still NeededExplaining Increased Positive Emotion & ExtraversionSocial Environment of the Extravert…Slide 19NeuroticismSlide 21Facet Traits: Neuroticism (NEO-PI) Costa & McCraeNeuroticism & Life OutcomesThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondA “Neurotic Cascade” Suls & Martin (2005)Slide 26Mechanistic/Process Understanding Is Still NeededConscientiousnessConscientiousness & Life OutcomesThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondSlide 31Conscientiousness at work… (via self-regulation…)AgreeablenessFacets of AAgreeableness & Life OutcomesSlide 36Mechanistic/Process Understanding Is Still NeededBehavioral Mechanisms and High AOpenness (vs. Closed) to ExperienceThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond“Facets” of Openness to Experience (from Costa & McCrae)Slide 42Openness & Life OutcomesMechanistic/Process Understanding Is Still NeededNotable (Essential?) Characteristics of Openness:The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondSlide 47The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondTypological Approaches to PersonalityTypological Approach to PersonalityTypological Approach to Personality© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.The Personality PuzzleSixth Editionby David C. Funder Psychology of PersonalityLecture 9 2/17/16Using Traits to Understand Behavior:Taxonomies of Essential Traits & TypologiesStephanie Federspiel, Ph.D.1Exam 1•Monday 2/22 in class* Chapters 1 -6; article content as presented in classPay attention to main points of tables and figures 50 multiple choice (75 points)4 – 6 short answer, fill in the blank (25 points)•Extra Office Hours: Friday 8 a.m. – 11: 15 a.m. 423 Psychology*McBurney students: room 211 Psychology2Objectives•Discuss the last 2 of four common approaches used to connect traits and behavior.–Essential Traits (and taxonomies)–Typological Approaches1The Essential-Trait Approach•Which traits are the most fundamental (basic) and/or important for describing people and accounting for what they do?•Can we agree on a taxonomy of traits?The Essential-Trait Approach: Examples of theoretical attemptsHenry Murray: 20 Basic Needs (power, intimacy, aggression, order, etc.)Harrison Gough: 20 “folk concepts” of personality (dominance, empathy, responsibility, etc.)J. & J. Block: Psychological processes of adaptation ego-control: over or under-control of desires? ego-resiliency: capacity to self-regulate control.6The Essential-Trait Approach•Historically there were many different theoretical approaches based on different paradigms/approaches and with confusing differences in terminology. –Similar terms for different ideas!–Different terms for similar ideas! Why is this a problem?  Hard to communicate + integrate findings.  made scientific progress difficult and slow.  Need a taxonomy specifying relationships.The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond•Toward a Taxonomy: Discovery of the Big Five–Began application of the Lexical hypothesis:Universally important human traits will have many words and will appear in many languages.(*indigenous concepts might exist, too)The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond•Factor Analysis leads to discovery of the Big Five.(1) Allport & Odbert identified 1800 terms  4500 traits(2) Raymond Cattell: 35  16 essential traits (factors) (allowed them to be correlated; + errors were made)(3) Hans Eysenck: 3 “essential”, uncorrelated traitsthat are biologically based Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism Tellegen = Pos. emotion, Neg. emotion, Constraint(4) Eventually, a 5 factor pattern appeared repeatedly!–Pre-Existing personality tests and prior trait concepts also tended to fit (be subsumed by) the Big Five groups!The Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond•Implications of the Big Five (CANOE, OCEAN)–Can bring order, integration to many research findings!–More complex than they seem at first…•Labels are oversimplified and have changed w/time!•“Big” traits subsume related lower-order facets•Not everyone agrees on lower-order facets and we don’t know how they are causally related/linkedThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and Beyond•Higher Order Factors of the Big 5 Plasticity: E, O (explore, engage, get ahead!) possibly related to dopaminergic systems + seek rewards, approach noveltyStability: C, A, low N (control impulses, get along!) possibly related to serotonergic systems + regulate impulses, behaviorExtraversion:An energetic approach to the social and material world that includes… sociability, activity, assertiveness, and positive emotionality. John & Srivastava, 199913Unstable (Neurotic)StableIntrovertedExtraverted+ Positive Emotion , RewardsAgentic (achievement, reward)Affiliative (Social, Cheerful)14Facet Traits: Extraversion(NEO-PI) Costa & McCraeExtraversion1. Warmth2. Gregarious3. Assertive4. Active5. Excitement-Seeking6. Positive EmotionThe Essential-Trait Approach: The Big Five and BeyondExtraversion: –Sensitive to rewards (esp. social) and positive emotions + seeks/desires these !–May react less to sensory stimuli–Advantages: higher status, rated as more popular and physically attractive, more positive emotions–Disadvantage: mate poaching, argumentative, need to be in control, poor time management16Mechanistic/Process Understanding Is Still NeededHIGHExtraversion+ Pos. EmotionHOW ??17Explaining Increased Positive Emotion& Extraversion1) Behavioral Mechanisms (initial pref, + learning)“Situation” Selection Evocation (others’ responses)2)Cognitive MechanismsInterpretation/Distortion Self-Concept/Beliefs 3)“Biological” MechanismsStronger response to potential rewards18Social Environment of the Extravert…Perceived as:•Energetic •Entertaining/Funny •Spontaneous•Friendly•Socially competent•May explain:– high self-esteem.–status given by