Slide 1AnnouncementsObjectivesSigmund Freud (1856-1939)ControversySome of Freud’s Key IdeasSlide 7Some of Freud’s Key IdeasSome of Freud’s Key IdeasThinking and Consciousness: Levels of ConsciousnessTopographic + Structural ModelSlide 12The Id: The “It”Thinking and Consciousness: Primary Process ThinkingThe Superego: The “Over-I”Slide 16The Developing Ego: The “I”ParapraxesSlide 19Latent Material behind Manifest Mistakes (“Freudian Slips”)Slide 21Why Dreams??Slide 23Slide 24Free Association can be useful!Slide 26Dream Interpretation in Modern Clinical Practice?Slide 28Slide 29Other important concepts in psychoanalytic interpretation…Anxiety and DefenseThe “Ego” manages 3 forms of Anxiety:The developing Ego enacts several Defense MechanismsAnxiety and Defense1Psychology of PersonalityLecture 20: 4/11/16Basics of PsychoanalysisStephanie Federspiel, Ph.D.Announcements•Exam 2 grades are posted–Average = 82%–Median = 84.5% •Section 3 quizzes will have an ultimate final due date of Tuesday 5/3 12:00 p.m. (midday, not midnight)•Details on Up documentary extra credit will be released by Tuesday 5 p.m. Total viewing time: 20 min – 1 hour.Objectives•Review key ideas of psychoanalysis and Freud’s idea of how the mind is structured•Discuss parapraxes (slips, forgetting, etc.)•Discuss anxiety and defense mechanisms •Discuss some implications of Freud’s theory4Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) •Historical Influences (19th century)–Victorian-Era sexual repression–Popular interest in idea of unconscious–Romanticism movement•Celebrate feeling, passion vs. rationality•Individuality vs. social order, common good–Machines & conservation of energy•Other Personal influences(?)–Very perceptive & creative (High O)–Interest in Darwin’s ideas–Interest in anthropology/archeology–“Unusual” upbringing (nanny)….influences on attraction???–Drug use, esp. CocaineControversy•Moral: dislike of emphasis on sex and sexual energy•Scientific: theory is unscientific•Personal level: People do not want to be told why they really did something, especially when you are correct6Some of Freud’s Key Ideas1) Psychic Determinism (“real” reasons)2) Internal structure of mind: 3 interacting "parts”id ego superego3) Psychic Conflict is inevitable; ego creates compromises Variation in how we manage frustration, anxiety 4) Mental energy (Libido) neededClosed energy system; depletion, redirection, etc.Catharsis is valuable5) 2 Fundamental, Innate Drives Libido (Life), Thanatos (Death)© 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.8Some of Freud’s Key Ideas1) Psychic Determinism (“real” reasons)2) Internal structure of mind: 3 interacting "parts”id ego superego3) Psychic Conflict is inevitable; ego creates compromises Variation in how we manage frustration, anxiety 4) Mental energy (Libido) neededClosed energy system; depletion, redirection, etc.Catharsis is valuable5) 2 Fundamental, Innate Drives Libido (Life), Thanatos (Death)9Some of Freud’s Key IdeasUnconscious>Conscious in mental life Insight through analysisRepression & other defenses play a role!Thinking and Consciousness: Levels of Consciousness•Topographical model•Conscious mind–Least important–Some of the ego•Preconscious•Unconscious–All of the id and superego and some of the ego–Most important–Difficult to bring to the surface11Topographic + Structural ModelCONSCIOUSPRECONSCIOUSUNCONSCIOUSEGO Defense!!Cope!ID SUPEREGOManifestLATENTPsychoanalyticInterpretationUnconsciousPsychologicalProcesses1213The Id: The “It”•Source of All Life Energy•Unconscious•Operates by “Pleasure Principle”–Tension Reduction–Immediate Gratification•Wish, fantasy•No contact w/reality•Can “slip” through… •Primary process thinkingThinking and Consciousness: Primary Process Thinking•The way the unconscious mind operates•Does not contain the idea of “no” •Goal is immediate gratification–Displacement–Condensation–Symbolization•Seen in very young children, during delirium and dreams, and sometimes in psychotics15The Superego: The “Over-I”•A primitive “Authority”•Overly high Demands –Absolutely Inflexible–Not responsive to reality but can be partly conscious–Renounce or repress Id!–Variation in Functioning–Parents, authorities, society1617The Developing Ego: The “I”•MUST draw energy, develop from ID•Operates by “Reality Principle”–Informed by perception, memories, intellect–Realistic, rational gratification of ID–Allows self-reflection, planning •Secondary process thinking•Works very hard to serve:– Reality, Id, Super-Ego•Not completely conscious–Defense Mechanisms–Inactive knowledge (preconscious)Parapraxes•Freudian slips•From belief in determinism•Forgetting–Usually the result of repression•Slips–Often in speech, but also in action–More likely when a person is tired, not paying attention, in a hurry, or excited19“Good morning, beheaded—uh, I mean beloved.”Latent Material behindManifest Mistakes (“Freudian Slips”)1. Conflict between, among intentions2. An “inappropriate” intention is suppressed at the last minute. Experiment: Sex-related anxiety, Shock related anxietyControl (no anxiety induced)Freudian slips accentuated as predicted20Sham docksSappy hexWhy Dreams??“a dream is a disguised fulfillment of a repressed wish”Dreams are guardians of sleepId is less restrained in sleep.--Primary process thinking--Fantasy fulfills needsModern Neuroscience?“restraints” of “need” to dream22ManifestDream narrativeLATENT(current sensory input)Day residue (near past)Distant pastRepressed impulses, wishesInterpretation by Free associationRepresentation via “Dream Work”unconscious)2324Research support for Freud’s View on Dream Content, Interpretation? •Supported:–Day residue & night time perceptions do appear–Primary process thinking is typical–Free association can be useful for finding more meaningFree Association can be useful!25 1. Start w/ a particular stimulus or event. (e.g from dream) 2. Let the mind wanderReveals “associations”3. Report everything-spontaneous-uncensored26Dream Interpretation in Modern Clinical Practice?•Not especially common.–Depends on type of therapy.–Some therapies exist specifically for nightmares.2728Research support for Freud’s View on Dream Content, Interpretation?