ANTH 245 1st Edition Exam #3 Study GuideBody Decomposition 1. Describe what happens during the fresh stage of body decomposition and when these things occur relative to the time since death. Autolysis (also known as self-digestion) being within minutes to hours after death. This is the self-destruction of cells due to the activity of intracellular enzymes. The by-products of autolysis fuel the putrefaction stage of body decomposition. Algor mortis refers to the cooling of the body which occurs at a rate of ~ 1.5°F per hour for the first 12 hours. BUT many variables affect heat loss.Rigor Mortis refers to the stiffening of the body after death. It begins within 1-2 hours after deathwith maximum rigor at around 12 hours and it wanes over the next 24 and 36 hours. 2. Green discoloration of the abdomen, skin slippage, and purging all occur during the stage of body decomposition.3. Name 5 things that affect the rate of body decomposition. (See key for acceptable answers).4. From the video shown in class, what plant was grown by rural farmers for drug peddlers, and in which country did this take place?Farmers grew opium plants in the hopes of profit but were often kept indebted by the drug-peddlers who would demand their children as collateral. This video was filmed in Pakistan whereOpium sales accounts for a tenth of the economy and brings in about $2 billion a year. It is illegalto grow but isolated villages are hard to regulate. Forensic Taphonomy5. What is Forensic taphonomy and why is it important? Give some examples. Forensic taphonomy is the scientific study of postmortem processes applied to forensic problems. Basically stated, the term is used to refer to anything that happens to the body after death. Forensic taphonomy can help to identify the deceased, distinguish perimortem and postmortem alterations, inform on the cause/manner of death, and estimate the post mortem interval (PMI). Some examples of forensic taphonomy would be staining, weathering, or cut-marks observed on bones. 6. Copper-stained bones are most likely to be from the era.Drugs7. Name a few different ways that people administer drugs. Drugs can be smoked, injected, and orally administered. 8. Name and describe the two different types of dependence. Then, give an example of a drug that could cause each type of dependence. The two different types of dependence are psychological and physiological (physical) dependence. Psychological dependence is when the drug is desired because it fulfills a psychological need. It could be a form of escape, create a sense of well-being, give relief from problems, or improve performance. Marijuana hasn't been shown to cause physical dependence but it may cause psychological dependence. Physiological dependence is when the drug needs to be taken to avoid going through withdrawal sickness. Heroine is highly addictive and causes physiological dependence. 9. New York State has de-criminalized minimal possession. In other places in the world drugs are taken much more seriously. For example, in Singapore and Indonesia could be the punishment for drug related offenses. 10. What are narcotics?Narcotics are pain-killing substances that produce physical dependence and depress bodily functions. Analgesics is a term used to refer to pain-relievers. 11. New York, Maryland, and New Jersey are three examples of states that have , which are places that people can go to be weaned off of heroin. 12. How many schedules of classification are there for drugs and what type of drugs belong in each schedule?There are five schedules of classification. Schedule I drugs have high potential for abuse and no accepted medical uses such as heroin, marijuana (this is on the list because there isn't universal acceptance and some doctors disagree), and LSD. Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse, but some accepted medical uses with severe restrictions such as cocaine, methadone, morphine, and codeine. Schedule III drugs have less potential for abuse and they have accepted medical use such as all barbiturate prescriptions not under schedule II, codeine (certain doses), and steroids. Schedule IV drugs have low potential for abuse and current medical uses such as Valium and Xanax. Schedule V drugs have low abuse potential and medical uses such as opiate mixtures like Robitussin with codeine.13. The two phases of drug identification areand.Forensic Psychology and criminal Profiling14. Name different types of crime conducive to profiling. Name different types of crimes that are not conducive to profiling. Crimes conducive to profiling include sadistic torture/sexual assault, postmortem mutilation, ritualistic crime, pedophilia, and motiveless fire setting. They are conducive to profiling (criminal profiles can be made based on these crimes) because they all involve atypical personalities. Crimes that are not conducive to profiling include run-of-the-mill robbery, spousal/familial murder, and high-risk victims (such as prostitutes or drug dealers). 15. What is an MO and what are its three primary purposes?MO stands for modus operandi and it refers to how an offender perpetrates a crime. Its three primary purposes are to protect the identity of the perpetrator, ensure the success of the crime, and facilitate escape. Examples of MOs are the type of victim chosen, how a victim is approached, mode of travel, weapon used, and location of the offense.16. In forensic science, what is a signature?A signature is the killer's "calling card." This means that it's what the perpetrator must do to fulfill him/herself that goes above and beyond what is necessary to carry out the crime. Examplesinclude victim posing, overkill, or a unique manner of killing. The signature may cause a perpetrator to assume addition risk and the signatures general theme doesn't change over time.17. Marital status, age, sex, ethnicity, lifestyle, intelligence, and occupation are allcomponents of .18. Name and describe the different types of rape. The power reassurance rapist (compensatory) fantasizes that they are in a relationship with the victim. The power assertive (dominating) rapist has self-esteem issues and wants to prove to himself that he is a man. This type of rape involves violence. Anger retaliated (displaced anger) refers to when a rapist rapes toretaliate for something real or perceived done