Anth 245 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture - Gunshot Wounds - Factor affecting loss of kinetic energy - GSW - Problems in determining range of fire - Manner of death Outline of Current Lecture - Mass Disasters- Natural Disasters- Transportation Disasters- Technical Disasters- International Disasters- Human Rights InvestigationsCurrent LectureMass Disasters and Human Rights - Sudden and unexpected events causing extreme destruction and loss of property/life - Social and economic disruption 4 types of mass disasters - Natural - Transportation - Technological - Intentional (Acts of terrorism) Often a Domino effect in which multiple disasters results (e.g., Japan) Multidisciplinary - Multiple disciplines with forensic science involved - Forensic scientists always part of a larger investigation system - Global applications Mass Fatality Incident- Large scale disasters resulting in significant loss of life - One more death than local authorities can handle - Relative, non-static number - Requires multidisciplinary assistance Mass Disasters Response Needs: - Rescue - Relief - Rebuilding - Recovery and ID of dead Importance of recovery and ID of dead: - Prevent anonymity of dead - help families know the fate of loved ones DMORT (disaster mortuary Operation Response Team) - Formed in 1992 - Now part of the federal government Functions of DMORT - Assistance in search and recovery - Mobile Morgue - can be anywhere in country in 24 hours - stored in Washington D.C. - Victim ID - Family Assistance (enter antemortem data collection - Support personnel for DMORT team members Natural Disasters - Loss of infrastructure (medical, police, legal, electrical, water) - Temporary displacement - Loss of life - Disconnection of surviving family members - Forensic roles: - Search/recovery of dead - Documentation (ID of the dead) - Open versus closed population - open population - you don't know how many people are missing or who is missing Natural Disasters - Examples - Hardin cemetery flood in 1993, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Haiti earthquake in 2010, Hurricane Sandy in 2012Transportation Disasters - Airplane, train, boat/ferry, bus - Direct impact is local, family impact can ve global - Forensic roles: - Search/recovery - ID of dead - Repatriation - Investigate cause of accident - Testify at hearings/trials - These are examples of closed populations - Continental Flight 3407 in 2009 - Plane crash near Buffalo, 49 people on the plane died 1 on the ground died - Everyone was ID'd in 8 days Technological Disasters - Structural failures, nuclear meltdowns - Example of a structural failures Minneapolis bridge collapse in 2007 - Forensic roles" - Search/recovery - ID - Investigate cause - Testify at trial - Chernobyl in 1986, Japan 2011 International Disasters - Bombings, hijackings, rampages with a gun - Forensic roles - Search/recovery - Law enforcement scene investigation - Full medico-legal investigation of the dead - ID perpetrator(s) - Testify Examples - Oklahoma city bombing, 1995 terrorist attack 9/11, Boston Marathon bombings in 2013 Human Rights Investigations - Forced disappearance, genocide, crimes against humanity, and other war crimes International criminal tribunal for former Yugoslavia --> also one for Rwanda ICTY/ICTR - Function of these tribunals is to prosecute war crimes - First tribunal to say rape is a war crime - Women can get pregnant which results in a child that's not her own ethnicity - genocide- Multidisciplinary - Atrocities often large-scale and politically grounded/influenced Forensic Roles: - Medico legal - Location, Excavation and Recovery - ID of victims - Repatriate victims (certain cases) - Analyze trauma - Testify in war crime Trials - Use physical evidence towards justice Humanitarian - Location, excavate, and recovery - ID of victims - Repatriate Victims - Provide families with information Argentina 1976-1983 - 1976: became a military dictatorship - 1983: Returned to democracy - Thousands were "disappeared" - taken, tortured, and murdered by the military - Bodies typically thrown into bodies of water or buried in cemeteries AAAS - American Academy for Advancement of