Defense wounds are typically present of the back, the side of arm; palm or fingers. These are associated with contusion, abrasions, and fractures. Suicidal wounds are often seen on the anterior surface of body, typically linear incisions. Hesitation marks common (False starts is a better term), and defense wounds are absent.ANTH 245 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study GuideLecture 1Introduction to Forensic Science What is Forensic Science?Forensic Science is the application of science to criminal and civil law. The study of science itself is the study of the natural world around us. The natural world includes naturally occurring materials such as bones and rocks, and it also includes materials made from naturally occurring materials such as plastic.Who are the important figures in the history of forensic science?Mathieu Orfila is known as the father of forensic toxicology; he worked mainly with poison detection and developed a technic for detecting the presence of arsenic in the body after death. Alphonse Bertillon is known as the father of criminal identification, he standardized the mug shot and helped develop anthropometry. Francis Galton wrote a book about fingerprints andwas associated with the first statistical proof of the uniqueness of each print. Hans Gross is known as the father of criminal investigation he wrote a book on how science could aid in criminal investigation. What year was DNA discovered?It was discovered and used in the mid 1950s. Which two years were important for blood evidence and why?`1901 was important because it was the first time there was a recognition of different blood groups. 1915 was important because the first procedure to detect blood group was developed in 1915.What is a use of anthropometry?Anthropometry is a system of measurement for people, anthropometry is still used today in the field of biology. One use of anthropometry is to design things for the dimensions of the human body (such as chairs that curve with our backs). What is Eugenics?Eugenics is the idea that people with favorable characteristics should be encouraged to procreate and conversely people with unfavorable characteristics should be discouraged. This ledto forcible sterilizations of mentally ill people. The movement was lead mostly by rich white males and lost traction in the U.S. around 1929. In Germany these ideas took a hold. Francis Galton was associated with eugenics as well. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What is Locard's Exchange Principal?Locard's Exchange principal is the idea that there is an exchange of materials between two objects when they come in contact with each other. For example, when you step in the mud, some mud gets on your shoe, and some material from the bottom of your shoe would get transferred to the muddy ground (you would also leave behind a footprint which would be helpful in an investigation). The exchange principal is why crime scene investigators wear bootee's over their shoes. "Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value." - Edmond LocardLecture 2 The Scientific MethodWhat is scientific method?The scientific method is the search for information about the natrual world through scientific investigation. Science does not deal with a set of ideas that can not be falsified. Scienceis only interested in the things it can disprove. Science does not deal with the supernatural world because we can not test for supernatural things.What are the major terms involved in the scientific method?The first is fact, a fact is known information (or the world's data). Gravity, rotation of the earth, and combustion are all examples of facts. The second is hypothesis, a hypothesis is a scientific question. The third is a theory. Theory is a hypothesis that has been tested and re-testedin many different ways. A theory is a time-tested explanation of naturally occurring events. Theories can never be completely proven, only disproven. What are the five steps of scientific inquiry?Make an observation. Formulate a hypothesis based on your observation.Determine a way to collect data to either support or disprove your hypothesis. Conduct an experiment or run a test, and then retest those results.Communicate your results with others. Research is only useful if other people have access to the information. How did the approaches of Aristotle and Galileo differ in terms of scientific inquiry?Aristotle believed that all problems could be solved by thinking about them, including scientific ones. Galileo tested hypotheses and is known as the father of modern science. His test on the rate that two objects will fall when dropped from the same height is associated with the birth of the scientific method. Lecture 3The Nature of Forensic EvidenceWhat is the CSI effect and why is it important?The CSI effect is the effect that popular television shows such CSI Miami have on public perception of forensic science. Because of these shows, people don't realize that certain tests performed may take days or months whereas on the shows they are shown as being very quick. The shows also downplay the team approach to forensic science. Shows often show a CSI who has in-depth knowledge on many disciplines such as ballistics and toxicology when in real-life, these are more specialized disciplines. It is important because improper representation of the nature of forensic science has lead to views that may be detrimental in trials where the jury basestheir judgment of forensic evidence on unrealistic television shows. How are crime labs organized in the U.S. and what is the implication of this organization system?Crime labs are either Federal Labs, State Labs, or Regional Labs. The implication of the hierarchy is that the