Anth 245 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture:- Drug-Control Laws - Schedule of Classification - Drug IdentificationOutline of Current Lecture:- Profiling- Crimes conducive to profiling- Crimes not conducive to profiling- Goals and application- Modus Operandi - Components of a profile- How a profile works- Crime Scene Analysis- Categories of OffendersCurrent Lecture:Forensic Psychology and criminal Profiling Forensic Psychology/Psychiatry - Psychiatrists - MD; psychologists - PhD - Psychological evaluations and diagnosis - e.g. trial competency, sexual disorders, etc - Expert testimony - Conduct research - Create criminal profiles Profiling - Use of behavioral analysis - Provide information as to the type of individual who committed a certain crime - Provides leads - Can't be used in court to identify a suspect as the perpetrator Theoretical Assumptions These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Manner in which crime was committed relates to offenders personality and world view - Personality can be seen in a crime scene analysis - Personality cannot change - Offender cannot voluntarily stop committing crimes Crimes Conducive to Profiling - Sadistic torture/sexual assault - Postmortem mutilation - Ritualistic crime - Pedophilia - Motiveless fire setting - These all involve atypical personalities Crimes Not Conducive to Profiling - Run-of-the-mill robbery - Spousal/familial murders - High risk victims - e.g., prostitute, drug dealers Goals and Applications - Crime scene analysis - look for personality - e.g. chaos, lack of planning - Is a group of murders (or rapes) being perpetrated by the same individual? - Characterization of unknown offender - Provide a profile to help narrow down search - Develop Investigative strategy - How doe we catch this person? - Crimes committed at particular places/days? - Predict place and time of next attack? Goals and Applications - Suggest effective interview techniques - Best approach to elicit information/confessions from a suspect? - Prosecution strategy - Approach for cross-examination? Modus Operandi (MO) - How and offender perpetrates a crime - Relates only to factors needed to carry out the crime - Three primary purposes: - 1. To protect identity - 2. Ensure success of crime- 3. Facilitate escape MO Examples - Type of victim chosen - how victim is approached - Mode of travel - Time of day and day of week of offense - Type of building chosen for entry - Location of offense - Weapons used - can change over time as offender becomes more sophisticated Signature - Killer's "calling card" - What the perpetrator must do to fulfill him/herself - Above and beyond what is necessary to carry out the crime - E.g., victim posing, unique manner of killing, mutilation, overkill, acting out fantasies, leaving messages - May assume additional risk - General theme doesn't change over time Example: Shoreline Murders - Type atypical murders within 30 days - Both victims were middle-aged white women who lived alone - Both doing laundry in their apartment complexes when offender entered - Sexual sadism, arson, binding, taking souvenirs - Binding: Both bound with electrical cords - Stabbing: not cause of death; increased from two to four stab wounds - Position of bodies: left nude, face down - Took various items from each apartment - Started multiple fire in each apartment - Conclusion: same signature; Components of a Profile - Age, sex, ethnicity - Marital Status - Interpersonal skills/social adjustment - Intelligence - Lifestyle - Geography/residency - Organization - Appearance and grooming - Education- Employment/occupation - Criminal history How a Profile Works - N = 50,000 people in Binghamton are suspects - Male = 25,000 suspects - White = 15,000 suspects - Single = 3,750 suspects - and so on Victimology - How and why victims were chosen can provide insight into how an offender thinks - Crime scene analysis - Analysis of trophies/souvenirs taken by perpetrator - Basic tenet: Behavior reflects personality - Why was this victim selected? - Investigate backgrounds, lifestyles, personalities, and physical characteristics of each victim - What were their activities immediately before death? - How was victim targeted? - What was the victim's likely reaction to the approach - How did the victim die? Crime Scene Analysis - Nature of the scene - Opportunistic or planned/controlled? - Type of weapon - Type of neighborhood/environment - Evidence of struggle? - Reconstruct events based on physical evidence Trophy or Souvenir Taking - Perpetrators often take things from a crime scene - Evidentiary items: protect identity - Valuable items: financial gain - Trophies or souvenirs: items of little to no value, hold some meaning to the perpetrator Assessment of Findings - Risk level to commit the crime - Opportunistic or targeted selection? - Body disposal - Personal items taken?Categories of Offenders - Homicide - Organized - Disorganized - Rape o Power reassurance (compensatory) Fantasizes they are in a relationship o Power assertive (dominating) Wants to prove to himself that he is a man self-esteem problems There will be violence associated with this type o Anger retaliated (displaced anger) retaliation for something real or perceived done against him in childhood There will be a lot of violence here o Anger excitation (sexual sadist) If the victim doesn't fight back it will get worse because he needs her suffering to get off Child Molesters - Situational - Opportunistic - child available at time of urge - Target other categories of people who can't resist - Preferential - Prefer children over adults (pedophile) - May select a "favorite" child - Move to another child as first one matures Profile of a Disorganized Offender - Male - Disorganized in all ways - Introverted, few friends - Seen as "weird" - IQ low to moderate - Low status in community - Unskilled laborer - Uncomfortable far from home - Tend to be impulsive - Crime Scene - Unplanned, surprise attack so leaves much evidence at crime scene - Weapon probably not brought to scene - No restraints - Does not move/hide the body - Post-crime activities- May return to scene, attend a victim's funeral - Keep physical mementos - Interview techniques - Interrogator should build relationship, empathize, always
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