ANTH 245 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 18What is the difference in the way bones react to blunt force trauma (BFT) and Gunshots?Bones are viscoelastic meaning that sometimes they can bend (so you don't break them every time you fall), but they are also sturdy enough to hold the body up. Now BFT is slow velocity and gunshots are high velocity. This distinction is important because the stress-strain curve does not apply to gunshot wounds (GSW) due to the high velocity (feet per second). This means that there is no elastic or plastic deformation and the bones act as brittle. The quicker the loss of velocity (when the bullet hits bone), the greater the damage. Describe what happens when a temporary cavity is formed, and what happens when a permanent cavity is formed.Temporary cavities occur when the bullet tunnels through the body which causes the surroundingtissues to expand. This leads to massive tearing of immediate and remote tissues. The temporary cavities are responsible for a lot of the serious damage in GSW, because they increase the wounding potential. Permanent cavities stay in the tissue after temporary cavities have disappeared. 1. is the deviation along the long axis of the bullet. (see the end of the study guide for the answer). What is the difference between the morphology of entrance wounds and exit wound in skin?Bullets often produce a small, round hole at the point where it enters the body and abrasions are created when the bullet penetrates the skin. Entrance wounds produce small amounts of blood. Depending how close the gun was to the person when they were shot there may be soot or other materials present (tattooing from gunpowder or a contusion shaped like the muzzle of the gun). Exit wounds on the other hand, tend to be more massive and irregular than the entrance wounds. Because the skin is ripping, there is excessive blood and tissue loss. How do you determine MOD (manner of death) in gunshot victims?The pathologist or the medical examiner will make the final call. Recall that MOD can be either homicide, suicide, natural, accidental, or inconclusive. Natural is the only one that can be automatically ruled out here. It could be accidental, but usually it comes down to homicide or suicide. To determine if it is a homicide, a suicide, or an accident, you must take into account the position of the gun and the body, whether or not there was GSR (gunshot residue) on the hands, where on the body the gunshots occurred, and the range of fire. These things are helpful because if, for example, it is possible to determine that the gun was not close to the victim when it was These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.fired, it is not a suicide. It is also important to note that multiple bullet wounds do not rule out suicide. 2 The four types of mass disasters are , , , and .How do we determine whether or not a scene is classified as a mass fatality incident?Mass fatality incidents involve a large scale disaster resulting in a significant loss of life. But how do we quantify a significant loss of life? In terms of declaring something a mass fatality incident the number is relative (non-static). This means that there is not one exact number used todetermine whether or not it will be classified this way. Instead it is determined by resources available. The criteria for classifying it this way is that the incident involves one more death thanlocal authorities can handle. So, if it is a rural area with resources to handle 15 deaths, 16 would be classified as a mass fatality incident. So if there are more resources available, there needs to be a greater number of deaths in order to classify it as a mass fatality incident. 'What is DMORT and what does it do?DMORT stands for disaster mortuary operation response team. It was formed in 1992 and is nowa part of the federal government. DMORT assists in the search and recovery of bodies in mass disaster and human rights cases. They created a mobile morgue that can be anywhere in the country in 24 hours and when it is not needed, it is kept in Washington D.C.. They also help with identification of the dead and family assistance (they enter ante mortem information into a database to compare to the postmortem analysis. In cases where there are a large number of bodies being recovered it is often extremely difficult to make a positive identification without both good antemortem and postmortem information. What is the difference between an open population and a closed population? Provide examples.An open population means that you do not know how many people are missing or who is missing. An example would be the World Trade Center attacks on September 11th. Even though there are people who work in the building daily there is not way of telling how many people were there at the time and who was there (including pedestrians in the area). A closed population on the other hand means you know how many people is missing, and who is missing. The plane crash near Buffalo is an example of a closed population because they knew how many people boarded the plane and who they were. All were identified in this case within 8 days.What type of disaster occurred at the Hardin cemetery? What was unique about identifying the victims in this case?The Hardin cemetery disaster was the result of a flood in 1993, making it a natural disaster. Identification in this case was complicated by the fact that the 'victims' were already dead before the disaster occurred. This complicated identification because antemortem records are only kept for a certain number of years after a person dies and then they are thrown out. What are the ICTY and the ITCR?The ITCY is the international criminal tribunal for former Yugoslavia and the ITCR is the international criminal tribunal for Rawanda. The function of these tribunals is to prosecute war crimes. This was the first instance of a tribunal classifying rape as a war crime. This is because rape can get a women pregnant which results in a child that is not her own ethnicity. Forensic anthropologists involved in these cases testify at the trials. What is the EAAF and the AAAS and how did they interact in the human rights case of Argentina (1976-1983)?In 1976, Argentina became a military dictatorship and thousands were "disappeared,"