Domain: EukaryaKindom: PlantaeLand Plants Review1. Moist ------ 4. Dry (Environments)1. Swimming sperm (club moss, horsetails, ferns)2. Airborne pollen + swimming sperm (few gymnosperms)3. Airborne pollen (gymnosperms & angiosperms)4. Animal borne pollen (angiosperms)5 Stages of Land Plant Evolution1. Origin of Land Plants (470 mya - 410 mya)2. Silurian-Devonian Explosion (410 mya – 355 mya)3. Carboniferous (355 mya – 290 mya)4. Gymnosperms (290 mya – 145 mya)5. Angiosperms abundant (145 mya – present)The Co-Evolution of Flowers and their PollinatorsEx. Yucca & MothWhy have angiosperms been so successful compared to gymnosperms?1. They are further developed; gymnosperms have “naked” seeds, while angiosperms have covered seeds.2. Most of them have evolved flowers that attract pollinators.3. Most have evolved improved methods of disseminating seeds, like producing fruits that are eaten by animals, or that stick to fur (burrs), or that float long distances (coconuts).4. Adaptations to dry land.5. Rapid Reproduction Cycle & Early Maturity6. Flowers with well protected and well-nourished seeds; Efficient seed dispersal mechanisms; Efficient pollination (recall the evolution of sperm transfer).Phylum: Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)Two major classes1. Monocotylendonae (Monocots)2. Eudicotyledonae (Eudicots)Types of Flowers1. Complete Flowers (Perfect Flowers)-Flowers with all of the usual male and female parts-Double fertilization (Triploid Endosperm “3n”)-Monoecious2. Incomplete Flowers (Imperfect)-One or more basic parts Missing (Monoecious or Dioecious)-ex. Pistillate flowers only have female pistil-ex.. Staminate flowers have only male stamenFlower Symmetry-Radial Symmetry (Circular & Disk-like)-Line though the center in any direction forms identical halves. (Attracts general pollinators)-ex. Corpse Flower “Amorphophallus titanium” – Tallest Flower-ex. Rafflesia arnoldii – Largest Blossom-Bilateral Symmetry-Line through the center in one direction can produce mirror images. (These flowers attract specific pollinators)Composite Flowers-ex. Sunflowers and Daisy family-Ray flowers are the outer flowers around the edge of the disk; incomplete, unfertile.-Disk flowers are in the center; fertile & produce the seeds. Methods of Pollination 1. Wind Pollination (earliest pollination)-All gymnosperms -ex. Air flow around needles in female pine cone-In angiosperms -Small inconspicuous -Without petals -No sent or nectar -Large quantity of pollen produced-In general (Characteristics) -Unisexual flowers – encourages outbreeding -Monoecious – corn, oak, melons -Dioecious – willows, poplars, maples, spinach, asparagus2. Animal Pollination-Many types of animals involved -85% of flowers pollinated by insects (bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, ants); they get pollen and nectar. -Birds and few small mammals especially bats -Less pollen needs to be produced than in wind pollination. -Flowers are bisexual – increase efficiency-Generalist flowers – attract many pollinators-Specialist flowers – attract only one pollinator -Disadvantage – flower and pollinator are dependent upon one another. -Benefit for plant – prevents waste of pollen & nectar for inefficient pollination. -Benefit for pollinator–monopoly of food sourceAttracting Pollinators (Animal Pollination – Specialists)-Color & UV patternsEx. Bird Flowers (Hummingbird)-Color red or orange-Produces lots of nectar-Flowers large and shaped as tubes or funnels, cups, or flasks. -Lacks odorEx. Butterfly Flowers-Diurnal-Bright colors-Smell modest-Pedals fused into long tubes for proboscis.-Nectar guides – lines of color that “guide” the pollinator to the nextaries (glands that produce the sugar water).-Fragrance – scent glandsEx. Bat Flowers-nocturnal or twilight flowers-pale color-strong scent-Flowers often dangle at end of long stalk-Bats eat petals, fruit, nectar, pollen-Bats often with long nose and tongue(Some however, some don’t)Ex. Fly Flowers-Flies are second most common pollinators -Smell is primary attractant-Color yellow, green, white, can be mottled and look & smell like rotting meat.Ex. Moth Flowers-Flowers are nocturnal-Pale color-Strong sweet smell-Petals fused into long tubes for long proboscis.-Sex Ex. Bee Flowers (Bee orchid)-Flower that mimics a bee.**Bee flowers open during day, bees visit many species. (Some flowers are specialized for bees).**Voodoo Lily – traps flies **Mice can also be
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