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UB BIO 200 - Animals (2)

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Domain: Eukarya Pikaia (Cambrain Period)- Earliest Kingdom: Animalia evidence in the root of the fossilPhylum: Chordata record (our ancestor).Deuterostomia – The Blastopore (Gastrula) becomes anus (the open side) other side – mouthEx. CamelsBranches off into:1. Chordata (Tunicates, Cephalochordates, Vertebrates)2. Echinodermata (Echinoderms, Hemichordates)Protostomia – The Blastopore (Gastrula) becomes mouth (the open side) other side – anusEx. Bees Special Characteristics of Phylum: Chordata1. Pharyngeal gills-Invertebrates gills not attached to pharynx -H2O into pharynx & out via slits in digestive tract2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord-Invertebrates have ventral solid nerve cord3. Notochord4. Postnatal Tail -Subphylum: Urochordata (Tunicates)- They are marine filter feeders with a saclike morphology. In their respiration andfeeding they take in water through an incurrent (or inhalant) siphon and expel the filtered water through an excurrent (or exhalant) siphon.Most adult tunicates are sessile and attached to rocks or similarly suitable surfaces on the ocean floor; others such as salps, doliolids and pyrosomes swim in the pelagic zone as adults.-Subphylum: Cephalochordata (Amphioxus) - It is a marine invertebrate found in soft substrates in shallow seas. It is used as a model organism to study the development of vertebrates-Subphylum: Vertebrata (Veterbrates)- Vertebrates include the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described.[2] Vertebrates include the jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species Paedophryne amauensis, at as little as 7.7 mm (0.3 inch), tothe blue whale, at up to 33 m (110 ft). Vertebrates make up about 4% of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack backbones.Notochord – a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo.Myotomes - In vertebrate embryonic development, a myotome is a group of tissues formed from somites. These somites develop into the body wall muscle.Each myotome divides into a dorsal epaxial part and a ventral hypaxial part. Agnatha: OstracodermsEx. Lamprey & Hagfish-Without Jaws-Filter Feeders (no teeth)-Not predatorsPlacoderms-With Jaws-PredatorsChondricthyes-Skeleton of Cartilage-Jaws not attached to skullBony Fishes – (Ray finned)Bony Fishes – (Lobe Finned) -Skeleton of Bone-Skeleton of Bone (Some w/lungs) -Jaws not attached to skull --Upper jaw attached to skull -Pectoral and pelvic fins with-Pec&Pel fins – fleshy/sturdy thin fine bones.General Evolutionary Trends1. Origin of the axial skeleton, the vertebral column.- Notochord remnant = Nucleus Pulposus (jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc).2. Jaw development: From gill arches.- In adult reptile, birds, mammals the hyomandibular arch is reduced and becomes the stapes of the middle ear.-The remaining arches are largely lost becoming support for the tongue and


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UB BIO 200 - Animals (2)

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