REVIEWSubject- more rain in southern hemisphere- steep part of slope= drought resistant- Valley of slope= flood resistant bc thats where water falls- north side of slope=lush & vegetation - south= more sun & dry- Lake Effect snow= cold air goes over warm air & picks up percipitation & deposits it on land- Adiabatic cooling= increase elevation & decrease temp- Wittaker plot= temp on one axis & perception on other - there is no consensus on how many biomes there are!!!!!!!!!- Tundra= cold,dry, permafrost- Boreal= Tiaga, long cold winters, short hot summers, lots of evergreens,- temperate desiduesou= trees lose their leaves- grasslasnd= grass is adapted to grazers & wildfires w long roots- deserts= little rain, hot, catus & euphoria don't need a lot of water- cold desert= rain is more than desert- tropics= highest productivity, epiphytes grow on other things bc have no true roots bc soil is so nutrient poor- resource partioning= how org. divide resources to avoid competition- Fundemantal niche= What an org COULD inhabit w no competition - Realized Niche= what they actually inhabit- SB barnacles has fundemntal niche that equals their realized niche this fundamental niches aren't always smaller- SB blocks C barnalces fundemntal niche- Ghost of comp. past= if org, are coexisting the major competition must have already happened thus we see this, the resolution - AG tansley= each plant outgrows the other on its home soil but without comp. they can both live on either or soil- Predation can limit comp.= Grazers keep every grass in check when they predate on the competitive grass- Intermediate disturbances= allows for highest diversity - Temporal partitioning= competiting at diff times to avoid comp.- Character Displacement= Comp. leads to decrease in physical similarity but when they are allopatric they look alike (Finches - Grants) (Snails)- Sympatric= tg- Allopatric= Apart- Ambush= laying & waiting for prey to come (crypsis)!!!!!!!!!!- Stalking= search by scanning (birds who eat fish)!!!!!!!!!!!- Pursuit= (Lion chasing gazelle) know where prey is but you have to chase it!!!!!!!!- Aposematic coloration= warning coloration- Batesian mimicry is a form of parasitism bc it is decreasing the learning effect of predators for actual poisonous org. (non-poisnoous org. mimics poisnous org. for protection)- Muellerian mimicry= both org. are poisonous & mimic each other & strengthenslearning curve (mutualism)- Pred./prey cycling= predators attack & decline prey & when prey is low pred. decrease & pred. go hungry & thus also decrease- Nurse plant provides shade to saguaro (commensalism)- Human Mutualism= mites live in eyelashes, intestinal bacteria, pets, crops- Trophic= both org must be gaining nutrients or food- Defensive= one org. get protection & one is eating part of other- dispersive= org, that are sessile have to disperse gametes- Lichen is a mutualism between algae & fungus - Historical climate= it was warner & wetter world wide but in oligocene (eiocene miocene shift) spread- Species Richness= Number of diff. species present (5 species are present)- Species Evenness= Relative abundance of each species (count)- Spruces are niche conservatism= org. maintains ancestral niche through env. changes- INcreased Energy= Increased productivity, overwintering tolerance, ambient energy- Coconuts can float to krakataua & make forests & then habitats & then birds can come ( no large mammals bc of water barrier)- Birds are at equilibrium, plants are not (equilibrium varies)- Diversity is defined by immigration & extinction- When at S* there is still immigration & extinction they are just at the same number & you don't notice it- S*= equilibirum point- species number (richness) is at an even point- Terrestrial islands are man made & decrease in diversity bc of fragmentation- Oceanic Islands= increase in diversity & start at 0 they way theory of biogeography was made- Charismatic Megafounda= large special cool organisms that people want to save- Relaxation= loss of diversity to a lower number, decline in pop. number - Reserve desing= big & allow for immigration (corridors= pathways to habitats that allow gene flow)- lecture 23 & 24 have doubled up questions- Daphne Major- island where the Grants did they work & studied finches- Monohybrid & dihyrbid crosses- Epistatsis= 1 gene effects multiple traits- Incomplete dom= blending (red & white make pink)- Codominance= blood types AB blood type (both traits show)- Absoultue Fitness: Raw number of how many off spring you have- Realtive Fitness: Compared to others (ratio) or how many offspring you possibly could have (org that has higher number is gonna be on bottom, lower number on top)- Neg. Freq. dependency selection= keeps alleles in pop. (one species is more basic & is predated on while rare ones reproduce until there is so many that therare is now the basic one & originally basic org. become rare)- Continental drift effects speciation bc oceans create a barrier & there is no wayto pass genes b/t separated land masses- Bryophytes= mosses, liverworts, stoneworts (Gametophyte dom. - dependent on water)- Know basic haplodiplnotic life cycle- Gymnosperm- Double fert. in angiosperms- Pollination Syndrome- Septate, mycelium, dikaryon, n+n, - Diploblastic- Triploblastic- Protostomes-
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