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UB BIO 200 - Lecture 18 bio 200

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Lecture 18. Animal1. SymmetryA. Radial: the 1st form of symmetry: the parts are arranged around central range: Any line goes through that central part makes an organism symmetrical: tend to be circular.B. Bilateral: - The right and left halves are mirror images.- Bilateral is a great advance because different functions can be performed in different part of the body.- Cephalization (head forming): sensors are all clustered in anterior end. -> lead to evolution of definite brain. 2. Diploblastic development- Two layers of tissueo Ectoderm: outsideo Endoderm: inside- Ex) sponge, anemone, jellyfish3. Triploblastic development- Three layerso Ectoderm: skin, nervous systemo Mesoderm: middle layer, skeleton, muscleo Endoderm: intestine, digestive organs- Allows differentiation of cell type-> more function, Lead to increasing complexity and size.4. Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomatesA. Acoelomates: no space between tissue layers (no body cavity) -> No coelom; move by cilia against water. Basal protostomesB. Pseudocoelomates: Hydrostatic skeleton: these animals gain rigidity because of fluid inside them. Movement is possible due to movement of fluid inside the muscle. Organs aren’t surrounded by muscle, but by mesoderm. C. Coelm: body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm.5. Segmentation and locomotion.A. Segmentation: subdivision of body into segments: multiple body parts can each have redundant organ system.  Redundancy of function: Damage to a part of body is not significant SpecializationB. Locomotion: much more efficient -> increase flexibility.6. How has the DNA based tree changed from the old morphological tree?- The traditional phylogeny focuses on the state of the colem.=>- The novel protostome phylogeny distinguishes spiralians fromecdysozoans. o Spiralians: adding mass to an existing body. Existing in water. o Lophotrochozoans: all coelomates with a horseshoe-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouths. They move by muscular contraction.o Ecdysozoans: increase in size by molting their external skeletons. They are sessile (settling down in place) andmonophyletic clade. 7. Ancient choanoflagellates are ancestral to animals: it looks like sponge.8. Tree of animalA. Porifera (sponge): No symmetry, No tissue layer- The most basal lineage of animal- May be monophyletic- Considered animal because of their highly cellular specialization- Loose body organization- Huge range inside- Some form colonies- Some have low growth formDeuterostomesProtostomesDiploblastic animalSponge- Sponge larvae are free-swimming, but adults are settle on rocks and can’t move.- Asexual reproduction: regeneration- Most are sexual.(1) Choanocytes- Flagella beat in unison inside the sponge that pumps water inthrough pores in a skin of sponge. It brings food and oxygen from the ocean into the sponge. Body flush wastes out to the top. It also collects food particles on hairs in their flagella as itis passed by. B. Diploblastic animals: two tissue layers (acolemates) and radial symmetry(1)Cnidarians- Radial symmetry- Two tissue layer- No develop organ yet.- Marine predator, few fresh water cnidaians- External digestion: o takes place in gastrovascular cavity, rather than inside of individual cell. o Release enzyme into the cavity, not truly inside of jelly fish. o Break down food inside of the cavity, and then engulf the food particles: eat bigger food than themselves, such as a crab.- Two body formso Polyps: cylindrical, attach to substrate, free0swimming polyps.o Medusa: Free-swimming, umbrella-shaped, like jelly fish.- Ex) Jelly fish(Polyps),


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UB BIO 200 - Lecture 18 bio 200

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