Domain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: H. sapiensWhat is Sociobiology?-Study of the biological basis of social behavior in organisms including humans.Aggression-abridgement of the rights of others forcing him to surrender something he own ormight have attained.-Fighting-Hostility-Intimidation-AttackWhere does aggression occur?Interspecific Aggression (between species) -Prey vs Predator (lion vs. hyena)Intraspecific Aggression (within a species)-Competition for natural selection (Two red kites fighting food)-Competition for mates (Deer fighting over female)-Parent vs Offspring-Moral aggression -between or among individuals to impose their values or behavior on other individuals.-Territoriality-Defense of a physical space -Red winged black birds-Sea lions on Pribilof Islands-Rhesus monkey (Group territories)-Social Dominance Hierarchies-Murder, InfanticideIs aggressions Genetic or Learned?-Hard to determine, it is both.-Evidence for genetic involvement-Breeding experiments-Nervous system experiments-Comparative studies of behavior-Studies between species-Studies within a species-Hormone experiments-Sex hormones (testosterone)-Gene for impulsivity (HTR2B) // Tears give chemical signals-Studies of comparative behavior among humans-Threat (dominance) behaviors-Scowls & stares-Mouth down turned-Pupil contraction-Clenched fist-Stamp feet-Loud sounds & ugly words-Appeasement (submissive) gestures-Smiling-Crying-Averting eyes-Cringing-Lowering height-Bowing, crawling-Pupil dilation-Gift givingPurpose of Aggression?-Increase individual’s fitness (reproductive success) by controlling resources (food, territory, & mates)Evolution of Aggression-All organisms have aggressive patterns both defensive and offensive-Survival value and has a genetic basis-But in social species (ex.humans), which also depend on cooperation, aggression but be balanced.What is Love? 1. Strong affections for another arising out of kinship or personal ties2. Attraction based up sexual desiresLove: Strong emotional bondAffection: Personal attachmentSelf love (health & survival) --- 3.5 byaSexual love (reproduction) --- 2 byaParental love --- 350 myaSibling love --- 90 myaLove of God --- 100,000 years? (When Neanderthals were burring their dead)Types of love1. Asexual love2. Sexual Love3. Love between parents and children4. Sibling Love5. Love between unrelated individualsEvidence-Breeding experiments-Comparative Studies-appeasment/threat-Brain Studies-Hypothalamus-Hormone Studies-oxytocin/endorphins-Chemical Studies-amphetamines-narcotics-illegal drugsAsexual Reproduction-Binary fission-Budding-Vegetative reproduction (some female lizards can reproduce on their own)-Parthenogenesis (Can reproduce both ways)Ex. Water flea, some fish species, and bees, and some snailsHow and why did sex evolve?-Eukaryotes evolved true mitosis & meiosis**** Sex is dependent on meiosis-Fertilization double the number of chromosomes & meiosis cuts it in half-2 sexes? No, Fungi have dozens of
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