PSY 102 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Define psychological disorders and name/describe the two types. - Feelings or behaviors that cause psychological discomfort or interfere with ability to function - Psychotherapy: Use of psychological techniques to treat emotional/interpersonal problems - Biomedical therapy: Use of medication or medical treatments to treat symptoms associated with psychological disorders Which method of psychotherapy did Sigmund Freud use?- Psychoanalysis o Designed to help unearth unconscious conflicts and help attain insight to real source of problems o Psychologist offers a carefully timed explanation of patient’s dreams and behaviors to facilitate recognition of unconscious conflicts What are short-term dynamic therapies and name/describe the 4 types. - Type of psychotherapy that is time-limited, has specific goals and involves an active role for the therapist- 4 types o Unresolved grief: Problems dealing with the death of loved ones o Role disputes: Repetitive conflicts with significant others o Role transitions: Problems involving major life changes o Interpersonal deficits: Absent social skills that limit ability to maintain healthy relationships What method of psychotherapy does Carl Rogers focus on?- Client-centered therapyo Therapist is nondirective and reflective and client directs the focus of each therapy session o 3 necessary qualities  Genuineness Unconditional positive regard  Empathic understanding What was Mary Cover Jones famous for?- Explored ways of reversing conditioned fears - Counter conditioning o Learning of a new conditioned response that in incompatible with the previous learned response What did systematic desensitization help fix?- Phobias by creating the list of all anxieties and trying to develop a sense of control Define aversive conditioning. - Repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with occurrence of undesirable behaviors - Attempt to create an unpleasant conditioned response to harmful stimulus What is operant conditioning and name/describe 3 techniques. - Behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences - 3 types o Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximation of a desired behavior o Positive and Negative Reinforcement: Involve controlling the consequences o Extinction: Absence of reinforcement; used to reduce occurrence of undesired behaviors Define cognitive therapies. - Therapies based on the assumption that psych. Disorder problems are due to unhealthy thinking Which method of psychotherapy does Albert Ellis use and what is its goal?- Rational-emotive therapyo Therapy that focuses on changing the client’s irrational beliefs o People are upset about the ‘interpretation’ of events o Logical persuasion and push clients toward surrendering irrational beliefs o Goal: Teach clients to recognize and dispute own irrational beliefs in many situations What method of psychotherapy did Aaron Beck use?- Cognitive therapy o Focuses on changing the client’s unrealistic and maladaptive beliefs o Believes people create moods and emotions and helps identify faulty thinking and replace unhealthy patterns o Believes psych. Disorders caused by distorted thinkingo CT Steps  Help client recognize and monster automatic thoughts that occur without conscious control  Help client learn how to empirically test the reality of automatic thoughts that are upsetting What is cognitive-behavioral therapy?- Integrated cognitive and behavioral techniques and is based on idea that thoughts, moods and behaviors are interrelated - Mindfulness-based therapieso Target both thought and behaviors o Do not seek to challenge or replace content of thoughts What is decentering?- Taught to relate thoughts as ‘passing events’ rather than identify and allow them to shape experienceWhat are some of the advantages to group therapy?- Cost effective, able to observe interactions with others, support of others may help a person feel less alone What form of therapy helps depression disorder?- Cognitive and interpersonal therapy What meds are antipsychotic medications?- Reserpine and Chlorpromazine = Helps Schizophrenia What is prescribed for anti-anxiety disorders?- Prescribed to help people deal with problems and symptoms associated with pathological anxiety - Benzodiazepines o Valium and Xanax Buspar o Affect dopamine and serotonin levels o Relieves anxiety while maintaining normal alertness What is Lithium?- Commonly used to treat bipolar disorder - Helps prevent acute manic episodes What drugs are used for antidepressants?- First generation: Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors o Increase availability of norepinephrine and serotonin - Second generation: Trazodone and Bupropion - Third generation: Selective Serotonin Reuptake