PSY - P 102 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 - 10 What are the four basic perspectives of personality?- Psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive and trait perspectives What is the psychoanalytic perspective?- Developed by Freud and it stresses the importance of unconscious forces, sexual and aggressive forces and early childhood experiences What are the differences between catharsis and free association?- Catharsis o Freely express closed emotions with the event, symptoms would disappear through hypnosis - Free associationo Technique to help patients report thoughts, feelings and images as they come to mind Name Freud’s three psychological forces and describe each of them.- Conscious o Thoughts, feelings and sensations that you are aware of - Preconscious o Information that you’re not currently aware of, but are able to bring to the consciousness - Unconsciouso Thoughts, feelings and drives that are below the level of conscious awareness What are the two instincts that are associated with the ‘id’ and give a description? - Eros; Life instinct o Biological urges (hunger, thirst, physical comfort, sexuality)o Libido: Sexual energy or motivation- Thanatos; Death instinct o Destructive energy (reckless behavior)What are the five different types of defense mechanisms? Describe them.- Repressiono Push thoughts out of consciousness and into the preconscious - Displacement o When emotional impulses are pushed onto a substitute object or person- Sublimationo Redirecting sexual urges towards productive, non-sexual activities - Projectiono Disguise own impulses by attributing them to others - Reaction Formationo Reduce anxiety by doing the opposite What are the five psychosexual stages in order?- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital What is the castration anxiety?- The fear that the male child’s father will punish him by castrating him What was Carl Jung interested in?- He was interested in psychiatry because he believed it could provide a deeper insight to the human mind- He strongly believed in the collective unconscious o Hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas What were Carl Jung’s two main archetypes?- Anima- Feminine side of the male - Animus- Masculine side of the female What did Karen Horney think was important when it came to personality?- She focused on security and stressed importance of cultural and social factors in personality development along with the importance of social relationships What were Karen Horney’s three patterns of behavior used to defend basic anxiety?- People moving towards other people- People moving against other people - People moving away from other people What did Alfred Adler believe in?- He focused on individual psychology and put more emphasis on the importance of conscious thought processes and social motives - He also believed that humans were motivated to grow and achieve personal goals through the importance of cultural influences and social relationships What is the humanistic perspective?- It emphasizes free-will, self-awareness and psychological growthWhat did Carl Rogers contribute to the world of personality?- He developed the personality theory and the idea of self-concept- Self-Concepto Set of perceptions and beliefs that you have about yourself; nature, personal qualities and typical behaviors - Actualizing Tendencyo The innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism Define the social cognitive perspective.- Stresses the conscious thought processes, self-regulation and the importance of situational influences What was Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory?- It emphasizes the social origins of thoughts but also stresses active cognitive processes human capacity for self-regulation - Ability to learn a lot of behaviors through observing other peoples’ behavior, consequences, rules and standards What was the trait perspective?- It focuses on identifying, describing and measuring individual differences What are the five factors of the model of personality?- Neuroticism- Extraversion- Openness to experience - Agreeableness - Conscientiousness What are the two types of projective tests?- Rorschach Inkblot Test- Thematic Apperception TestWhat are the four types of self-report inventories?- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- California Psychological Inventory- 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire - Myers-Briggs Type