PGY452 Endocrinology Exam 1 Study Guide 2015 This study guide is meant to be an aid to test preparation It is not a complete account of everything covered in the lectures and will not substitute for the lectures I have organized it a little differently than the lectures Most of the information on biosynthesis signaling and other common aspects of hormone function are grouped together in the first few pages but now with the specific examples covered later The hormone sections concentrate on aspects specific to those hormones I ve put all the pathophysiology at the end This is for exam 1 only which will cover the first 13 topics through calcium homeostasis The last 3 topics on reproductive endocrinology sexual differentiation pregnancy and lactation will be covered on the final o Nothing SPECIFIC will be asked about the sex steroids activin inhibin or the gonadotropins o However you ll notice they ve been included in the lists in the front of the guide You should still be aware of their general properties as hormones protein vs steroid that sort of thing and they may appear on the test in that context Learning Endocrinology This section started with a diagram something like the one on the right Although it seems like we ve gone over tons of hormone systems with many unique features they all fit into that framework one way or another The major source of complexity comes in the responses Not only are they diverse but they often double as a new input for a second or third cycle of input endocrine tissue hormone hormone transport target receptor signal response If you can make up a diagram similar to the one at the left for each hormone system below you ve learned everything you need to know Hormone systems Short term metabolic control Insulin Glucagon GLP1 GIP cortisol epinephrine Thyroid Thyroid H TSH TRH GHIH PIH Long term metabolic control Leptin Insulin Ghrelin GLP1 GH IGF1 GHRH GHIH Stress Cortisol ACTH CRH ADH Epinephrine Fluid balance ADH Aldosterone Angiotensin II ACTH CRH Growth Calcium PTH Calcitriol D3 Calcitonin cortisol sex steroids 1 PGY452 Endocrinology Exam 1 Study Guide 2015 Definitions Suffixes tropic or trophic tropin statin medin affecting or regulating somatotrophin regulates growth AKA GH inhibit somatostatin inhibits growth AKA GHIH intermediary somatomedin is a growth intermediary AKA IGF1 Absorption Intake of a nutrient in the GI the opposite of elimination Acute Adipokines Those effects characterized by relatively rapid onset and are often temporary Hormones from the adipose tissue that communicate the status of energy stores Adrenergic receptors The class of 9 G protein coupled receptors the bind to catecholamine s Anabolic Metabolism of building e g amino acids to proteins with input of energy Antagonism Agonism Synergism These terms refer to the relationship between two substances in a metabolic or signaling pathway or with a receptor Antagonism is the relationship between two hormones working in opposition this is often seen in push pull regulation of pathways e g insulin glucagon Agonism is the opposite Synergism is when two agonistic hormones have an effect that is larger together than either has alone Anterior Posterior Front back Apoptosis Programed cell death Aquaporin The protein channel that allows water to move in to and out of cells Atrophy A wasting or decrease in size of a body organ tissue or part owing to disease injury or lack of use Basal resting metabolic rate BMR Bifunctional receptor Minimum daily energy expenditure 1400 kcal day 1 kcal min in a 150 lb human Accounts for 60 of energy out of 2300 kcal day A cell surface receptor that has both ligand binding and enzymatic activity in one polypeptide molecule e g the insulin receptor BMI mass height2 m kg2 Catabolic Metabolism of breakdown to gain energy Catecholamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Circadian rhythms A biological cycle that roughly corresponds to day night periodicity It corresponds to the 24 hr hour cycle of secretion of hormones other physiological processes Colloid Iodinated thyroglobulin Chondrocyte The cartilage secreting cell type found in the epiphyseal plate Constitutive A process occurring at a constant rate regardless of physiological demand similar to tonic Cytokines A generic name for a diverse group of soluble proteins and peptides that act as immune regulators modulate the functional activities of individual cells and tissues usually in response to a stress or challenge Diabetes Fasting glucose 125 mg dL 200 mg dL after oral glucose challenge EC50 The concentration of hormone that gives 50 efficacy or response Effector Protein mediator of a signal Elimination Use with respect to calcium homeostasis this refers to calcium that is disposed of through the GI in the stool This is the opposite of uptake 2 PGY452 Endocrinology Exam 1 Study Guide 2015 Definitions Endocrine signaling types Endocrine Paracrine autocrine Neuroendocrine Endocrine tissues Endocrine signaling starts with hormone release diffusion receptor binding response Endocrine signals travel through the circulatory system paracrine autocrine signals diffuse through the ECF to nearby or the same cells Neuroendocrine refers to the involvement of the nervous system either through the release of hormones from neurons or receipt on a signal to a neuron from a hormone Tissues that serve as sources of hormones Endocrine Glands are dedicated hormone secreting tissues Epiphyseal plate A cartilage plate at each end of a long bone Extracellular fluid ECF All body fluids outside of cells includes blood plasma or serum Blood is blood cells plasma For many endocrinological parameters glucose calcium or hormone concentrations these terms can be used interchangeably Glucocorticoids Glucose mobilization Half life Adrenal steroids that influence metabolism The only active natural glucocorticoid in humans is cortisol Cortisol s receptor is referred to as the glucocorticoid receptor GCR and GCR agonists used as drugs are often called glucocorticoids or corticosteroids The process of maintaining blood glucose levels through depletion of glycogen stores and glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis The time it takes for the concentration of a hormone to decrease by half t Heterodimer Association of 2 different proteins Heterotrimeric A protein complex of three different subunits Homeostasis Stable state of internal environment Hormone Hormone response element HRE A molecule secreted from a gland or other endocrine tissue that