KIN 3306 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Red Blood CellII. HemoglobinIII. BloodIV. HematocritV. Oxygen TransportVI. Myoglobin vs. HemoglobinVII. Exercise and Hemoglobin DissociationVIII. Body Temperature & pH ContinuedIX. 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)X. CO2 Transport in the BloodXI. Bicarbonate SystemXII. Central Control of VentilationXIII. Ventilation During ExerciseXIV. Ventilation and Energy MetabolismXV. Ventilatory ThresholdXVI. Respiratory Limitation to PerformanceXVII. Specific Training AdaptationsOutline of Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. ObjectivesII. Why Use Supplements?III. Ergogenic Aids IntroductionIV. Researching Ergogenic AidsV. Randomized, Controlled TrialVI. Illegal Substance ListVII. Pharmacological Agents: SympathomimeticsVIII. Pharmacological Agents: Beta-BlockersIX. Pharmacological Agents: CaffeineX. Hormonal Agents: Anabolic SteroidsXI. Hormonal Agents: Andro, DHEAXII. Hormonal Agents: Human Growth HormoneXIII. Physiological AgentsXIV. Physiological Agents: Blood DopingXV. Physiological Agents: EPOXVI. Physiological Agents: O2 SupplementationXVII. Physiological Agents: Bicarbonate LoadingCurrent LectureI. Objectsa. Researching ergogenic aidsb. Pharmacological agentsc. Hormonal agentsd. Physiological agentse. Nutritional agentsII. Why Use Supplements?a. Improve Healthb. Improve Strength/Powerc. Gain or Lose Weightd. Burn Fate. Enhance Energyf. Correct Nutrient Deficienciesg. Improve PerformanceIII. Ergogenic Aids Introductiona. Ergogenic vs. Ergolytic Substancesb. Potential Aidsi. Pharmacological agentsii. Hormonesiii. Physiological agentsiv. Nutritional agentsc. Note: Ergogenic is work producing, it is anything that enhances the amount of work ableto do. Ergolytic is detrimental to performance.d. Note: Pharmacological agents are like drugs. Hormones are like steroids and testosterone. Physiological agents are things that your own body produces like blood doping. Nutritional agents are like your typical supplements like amino acids and creatine.IV. Researching Ergogenic Aidsa. Must be proven to enhance performancei. Claim alone insufficientii. Ergogenic vs. pseudo-ergogenicb. Placebo effecti. Expectations affect physiological responseii. Double-blind experimental designc. Can science “prove” effects?i. May be able to prove ergogenic actionii. Results often equivocald. Common Limitationsi. Technique/Equipmentii. Research methodologyiii. Testing situations (lab vs. fielde. Note: a lot of supplements do not have a lot of research to back it up. The source that you want to go to is going to be peer-reviewed journal articles like pubmed and google scholar. The way to reduce the placebo effect use a double-blind study. V. Randomized, Controlled Trial Select Subjects PretestPlacebo  Randomized  TreatmentPost test  Compare  Post testTreatment  Crossover  PlaceboPost test  Compare  Post test VI. Illegal Substance Lista. Beta Blockersb. Stimulantsc. Narcotic (pain blockers)d. Diureticse. Anabolic Agentsf. Peptide Hormonesg. Blood Dopingh. Note: These work really well but aren’t legal or banned because of side effects and ethical standards.VII. Pharmacological Agents:a. Sympathomimetic aminesi. Amphetamines (also ephedrine, pseudoephedrine)b. Proposed benefits of amphetaminesi. Weight lossii. Concentration/focusiii. Make athletes more competitive, invincibility/euphoriaiv. Enhance performance, delay fatiguec. Proven effects of amphetaminesi. Increase state of arousal, energy, self-confidenceii. Decrease fatigueiii. Increase HR, blood pressure, blood flow, blood glucose, FFAsd. Enhance performance byi. Increase weight lossii. Improve reaction time, speed and focusiii. Increase strength, poweriv. Increase max HR, peak lactatee. Risk of amphetamines, ephedrinei. Death, toxicityii. Heatstroke, cardiac stressiii. Addiction (psychological, physiological)iv. Masking of physiological danger signalsf. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrinei. Risk vs. benefitg. Note: Know the actual effects of the things we talked about and what they really do and who would it be best for like a body builder or power lifter.h. Note: sympathomimetic agents will mimic the SNS which is the fight or flight system so these stimulants will give you a boost to get you going. Amphetamines are like Adderall. Ephedrine is like Adderall and it suppresses your appetite. Pseudoephedrine is over the counter since and allergy medicine.i. Note: Sympathomimetics do what they say they are supposed to do. All of these would normally happen when the SNS kicks in. The decrease in inhibition will allow all of this to happen so you are able to produce more strength. So they are effective for performance all around, not really one specific athlete or sport.j. Note: With amphetamines, you can overdose. The main thing is that it will take away theinhibition. For example, the muscles will prevent themselves from exerting too much force to tear itself normally so amphetamines are bad because your body is letting you lift more than you should. k. Note: Big with ephedrine: When running, your body will say slow down when you’re starting to overheat but since that is dampened, you push through that and then you willsee a heat stroke occur. It is good because you can keep pushing through, but it is dangerous.l. Note: With ephedrine, you don’t really get performance benefits like amphetamines, youjust get the risk side.VIII. Pharmacological Agents: Beta Blockersa. Beta blockers reduce sympathetic effectsi. Used to treat CDVii. Also for migraines, anxiety, stage frightb. Proposed benefits of beta blockersi. Decrease performance anxietyii. Physical steadinessc. Proven effects of beta blockersi. Decrease resting, submaximal, and maximal HRii. Increase hand stabilityd. Risk of beta blockersi. Bronchospasm in asthmaticsii. Cardiac failure, low blood pressure/dizzinessiii. Hypoglycemia (type II diabetics)iv. Fatigue, impaired performanceIX. Pharmacological Agents: Caffeinea. Caffeinei. Central nervous system stimulantii. Sympathomimetic effects (but weaker)iii. Active ingredient in most pre-workoutsb. Proposed benefits of caffeinei. Increased mental alertness, feel more competitiveii. More energy, reduced or delayed fatigueiii. Enhanced mobilization of FFAsiv. Glycogen sparingc. Proven effects of