KIN 3306 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Metabolic Energy SystemsII. ATP = EnergyIII. Anaerobic vs. AerobicIV. ATP-PC SystemV. Control of ATP-PC SystemVI. Exercise and the ATP-PC SystemVII. MacronutrientsVIII. Anaerobic GlycolysisIX. Net Equation for GlycolysisX. Energy Investment PhaseXI. Energy Generation PhaseXII. Glycogen vs. GlucoseXIII. Exercise and Anaerobic GlycolysisXIV. Anaerobic Glycolysis vs. Oxidative PhosphorylationXV. Mitochondria StructureXVI. TCA Cycle FactsXVII. Pyruvate ConversionXVIII. Control of TCA CycleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XIX. CarbohydratesXX. Electron Transport Chain BasicsXXI. Chemiosmotic TheoryXXII. Electron Transport ChainXXIII. Proton GradientXXIV. Oxygen Utilization SiteXXV. Tally of ATP ProductionXXVI. Exercise and OPXXVII. Maximal Duration of Energy SystemXXVIII. Lipid MetabolismXXIX. Triglyceride LipolysisXXX. Beta Oxidation of Fatty AcidsXXXI. ATP Tally for Stearic Acid (18 C)Outline of Current Lecture I. OverviewII. Energy PathwaysIII. Protein MetabolismIV. Aerobic Exercise and O2 ConsumptionV. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continuedVI. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continuedVII. Energy ExpenditureVIII. Fitness Level – VO2maxIX. Bruce ProtocolX. VO2max DataXI. Substrate UtilizationXII. Respiratory Exchange RatioXIII. Respiratory Exchange RatioXIV. The Crossover EffectXV. Oxygen Consumption LimitationXVI. Exercise TransitionXVII. Reset TransitionXVIII. Possible Explanations for EPOCXIX. Why is Lactate produced during Anaerobic Exercise?XX. Lactic AcidXXI. Bicarbonate SystemXXII. Lactate ThresholdXXIII. Lactate Threshold continuedXXIV. Does Lactic Acid Cause Fatigue?XXV. Cytosolic Redox PotentialXXVI. Causes of FatigueXXVII. Glycogen DepletionXXVIII. Glycogen Depletion and Exercise IntensityXXIX. CHO and Glycogen StorageXXX. CHO LoadingCurrent LectureI. Overviewa. Aerobic Exercise and Oxygen Consumptionb. Substrate Utilizationi. Respiratory exchange ratioc. Anaerobic Exercise and the Lactate Thresholdi. Bicarbonate Buffer Systemii. Definition, Possible Causesd. Causes of Fatiguee. Glycogen Depletioni. Exercise Intensityii. CHO intakeII. Energy Pathwaysa. Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fatsb. Most of your energy will come from carbs and fatsc. For protein, some amino acids will convert to glucose and go through the cycles there. It just depends on the amino acidIII. Protein Metabolism a. Secondary source of fuelb. Deamination/Transaminationi. Nitrogen removal or transferii. BCAA’siii. Protein will separate into an amine group and this has nitrogen in it whichhas to be removed first (TQ)iv. Transamination is when that amine group gets shifted to another amino acid so the amine group that just lost it can go through and get metabolized in the cyclesv. BCAA’s are the primary source of energy in proteinsc. Glucogenic vs. Ketogenici. Gluconeogenesis1. Protein is converted to glucoseii. Entry into energy pathways1. Ketogenic is when proteins can just plug into different places around the krebs cycled. Protein parts can jump into different places depending on the amino acid it isIV. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumptiona. CO2 is a direct byproduct of the chemical reactions that go onb. O2 is going to the chemical reactions and CO2 is being produced by themV. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continueda. Indirect Calorimetryi. Energy expenditure based on gas exchangeii. Able to measure how much ATP you are producing, how many calories you are usingb. Must be aerobici. Anaerobic metabolism = CO2ii. It is more accurate in an aerobic conditionc. Inspired and expired airi. It measures O2 coming in and out and the CO2 going in and outd. We’re looking at the difference of what we take in versus what we let outVI. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continued a. Energy Expenditure (kcals)b. Fitness Level (VO2max)c. Contribution of CHOi. How much energy is coming from CHOd. Contribution of FATi. How much energy is coming from FATVII. Energy Expenditurea. You can measure at rest BMR (basic metabolic rate) or RMR (resting metabolic rate) which is how many calories your body needs to functionb. BMR will be measured first thing in the morning when you’re awake and not movingi. More accurate than RMRc. RMR will be measured sometime in the middle of the dayVIII. Fitness Level – VO2maxa. Maximal Oxygen Uptakeb. Measure of Aerobic Fitnessc. Graded Exercise Testd. Maximal Efforte. VO2max = Inspired O2 – Expired O2f. VO2max is popular when wanting to measure gas exchangeg. VO2max is the maximum oxygen uptake, the peak amount of O2 you can consume during maximal exercise (consuming meaning what is staying inside and going into cells)h. The higher your O2 consumption is, the more fit you are because you’re able to use O2 more efficientlyIX. Bruce Protocola. This machine collects gas exchange informationb. The VO2max is where you’re consuming as much O2 as possibleX. VO2max Data a. When data is collected from trained athletes, its like the data just goes flat (reaches the ceiling)XI. Substrate Utilizationa. Primary fuel source is CHO and Fatb. Protein can serve as a secondary fuel sourcec. Fat requires more O2 than CHOi. Because fats have more cabonsd. Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)i. Contribution of FAT and CHOii. We measure this to tell us a proportion of how much energy is coming from fat and how much is coming from carbsXII. Respiratory Exchange Ratioa. Non-invasive; provides relative Metabolic Contribution of CHO and Fatb. RER = VCO2/CO2i. VCO2 is the amount of CO2 being producedii. VO2 is the amount of O2 producedc. Also called Respiratory Quotient (RQ) during Steady State Exercisei. The same thing but during steady stated. RER is easy to doXIII. Respiratory Exchange Ratioa. 0.7 = 100% Fatb. 1.0 = 100% CHOc. 0.82 = average at restd. 1.1 = High intensity/anaerobici. When it gets harder, we get into the anaerobic part of it which is why the ration is 1.1 – what explains this is the buffer system that comes into playe. There’s a mental component in the RER because of the mask being used to recordthe informationXIV. The Crossover Effecta. The balance between using cho and fats is the crossover effectb. Time is not a factor, it’s the intensity of exercise (x-axis)c. When you’re walking, you have a lot of O2 available so this is why fat metabolism is actived.