KIN 3306 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. OverviewII. Basic DefinitionsIII. Heart RateIV. DefinitionsV. HemodynamicsVI. Blood Distribution DiagramVII. Exercise and Blood FlowVIII. Autoregulation of Muscle Blood Flow during ExerciseIX. Oxygen ConsumptionX. Blood Pressure and Exercise IntensityXI. Exercise Intensity and the HeartXII. SV Increases with ExerciseXIII. Exercise Intensity and AVO2 DifferenceXIV. Steady State ResponsesXV. Long Duration ExerciseXVI. Summary of Exercise ResponseXVII. CV Training AdaptationsXVIII. Key ConceptsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Outline of Current Lecture I. Red Blood CellII. HemoglobinIII. BloodIV. HematocritV. Oxygen TransportVI. Myoglobin vs. HemoglobinVII. Exercise and Hemoglobin DissociationVIII. Body Temperature & pH ContinuedIX. 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)X. CO2 Transport in the BloodXI. Bicarbonate SystemXII. Central Control of VentilationXIII. Ventilation During ExerciseXIV. Ventilation and Energy MetabolismXV. Ventilatory ThresholdXVI. Respiratory Limitation to PerformanceXVII. Specific Training AdaptationsCurrent LectureI. Red Blood Cella. Oxygen transport within the bloodb. Contains Hemoglobini. 98% of oxygen is transported by hemoglobinc. No nucleus, No mitochondriad. Oxygen binds to HemoglobinII. Hemoglobina. Four subunits = four O2b. Oxyhemoglobin = oxygen is boundc. Deoxyhemoglobin = oxygen is not boundd. Binding increases affinitye. Note: Each subunit can bind to one O2 molecule. Once it binds to one O2 molecule, then that will increase the amount that it wants to grab the second. Affinity increases as O2 is bound to it. Once it has four, it will hold tightly to it. Once it unloads one, it will more readily unload the rest.III. Blooda. Components of Bloodi. Plasma 1. Liquid portion2. Ions, Hormones, Proteins, and Nutrientsii. Cells (Formed Elements)1. Red blood cells (carry oxygen)2. White blood cells (immunity)3. Platelets (clotting)IV. Hematocrita. Hematocrit = percentage of red blood cells in bloodb. Men: 45%c. Women 40%d. More RBC’s = more O2e. Note: Having a higher hematocrit is beneficial. Blood doping is increasing hematocrit which helps carry O2 more efficiently but it is dangerous because it makes the blood thick.V. Oxygen Transporta.b. Note: This is the O2 Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve. The x-axis is how much O2 is bound to the hemoglobin. We see that when it is fully saturated at 100% is when it is from the lungs. The y-axis is the amount of O2 at the tissues. Hemoglobin is unloading O2 at those tissues that need oxygen. It is not a straight line, there is acurve relationship. During exercise, veins at rest is going to be a lot lower. c. Note: The main things are that hemoglobin will hold onto O2 until it gets to the tissues that are lower in O2. It is a curve, because once it starts unloading, it is quicker to let go of the rest once it gets to those tissues.VI. Myoglobin vs. Hemoglobina.b. Note: Myoglobin is like hemoglobin but it is in the muscle. It holds on to O2. It is astorage place for O2 in the muscle. The difference is that myoglobin holds onto O2 longer so it has a higher affinity until it gets to a super low PO2. Then it will start releasing it. It is a curve also so once it releases one, it will release the rest quicker. Myoglobin will stay bound until during exercise when your PO2 is so low OR at the beginning of exercise, myoglobin might release its O2 and can be used. Myoglobin has a greater affinity for O2.VII. Exercise and Hemoglobin Dissociationa. Effect of Body Temperaturei. Increase ATP demand = increase metabolic rate = increase body temperatureii. Decrease bond strength between Hb and O2 iii. Increase O2 extraction at tissue levelb. Effect of pH (Bohr Effect)i. Heavy exercise = increase H+ = decrease in pH (acidic)ii. Decrease bond strength between Hb and O2iii. Increase O2 extraction at tissue levelc. Note: a couple things affect the curve during acute exercise. Body temperature and acidity is what we’re focusing on. Body temperature increases during exercise and this will decrease the bond strength between hemoglobin and oxygen. It will make hemoglobin let go of its O2 easier than at normal resting BP. This is beneficial. As for pH, we have acid as a byproduct of exercise so blood pH drops, then that will affect the bond strength and decrease it so we can extract O2 more efficiently.VIII. Body Temperature & pH Continueda. b. Note: temperature is on the left and pH is on the right. The middle line is the resting numbers. As BP increases, the curve shifts to the right. As acidity drops, curve shifts to the right which means that we are extracting O2 easier at high PO2s. Shifts to the right is the important thing. A decrease in pH and an increase in acidity, and an increase in temperature work together and allow us to meet the metabolic demands during exercise.IX. 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)a. Red blood cells do not contain nuclei or mitochondria thus they make ATP using anaerobic glycolysisb. 2,3 DPG is a byproduct of this reactionc. Exercise + sea level = little effectd. Exercise + high altitude = increase in O2 extraction at the tissue levele. Note: another thing that will affect this curve is DPG. It is one of the intermediates during glycolysis. Red blood cells don’t have mitochondria so all the energy production is anaerobic through anaerobic glycolysis. DPG is an intermediate of glycolysis and during training at altitude, we see a high level of DPG in blood and this has similar effects as the previous slide. It decreases the bond with hemoglobin and allows us to extract more O2.X. CO2 Transport in the Blooda. Bound to Hb (~20%) (carbaminohemoglobin)i. Binds to a different site than oxygenii. Affected by oxygenation and PCO2b. Dissolved in plasma (~10%)c. Bicarbonate system (~70%)i. Last time: role in buffering H+ii. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-d. Note: CO2 is a big by product of exercise. CO2 travels through the blood and it can also bind to hemoglobin but it binds to a different place on hemoglobin and itaffect the affinity of O2. CO2 can also travel as free CO2 in the blood. Most of it will travel as bicarbonate through the blood. In the bicarbonate system, it takes the acid and combines it with bicarbonate and that converts to carbonic acid andthen that turns into CO2 and that is exhaled.XI. Bicarbonate Systema. Occurs