KIN 3306 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture Outline of Current Lecture I. Metabolic Energy SystemsII. ATP = EnergyIII. Anaerobic vs. AerobicIV. ATP-PC SystemV. Control of ATP-PC SystemVI. Exercise and the ATP-PC SystemVII. MacronutrientsVIII. Anaerobic GlycolysisIX. Net Equation for GlycolysisX. Energy Investment PhaseXI. Energy Generation PhaseXII. Glycogen vs. GlucoseXIII. Exercise and Anaerobic GlycolysisXIV. Anaerobic Glycolysis vs. Oxidative PhosphorylationXV. Mitochondria StructureXVI. TCA Cycle FactsXVII. Pyruvate ConversionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XVIII. Control of TCA CycleXIX. CarbohydratesXX. Electron Transport Chain BasicsXXI. Chemiosmotic TheoryXXII. Electron Transport ChainXXIII. Proton GradientXXIV. Oxygen Utilization SiteXXV. Tally of ATP ProductionXXVI. Exercise and OPXXVII. Maximal Duration of Energy SystemXXVIII. Lipid MetabolismXXIX. Triglyceride LipolysisXXX. Beta Oxidation of Fatty AcidsXXXI. ATP Tally for Stearic Acid (18 C)Current LectureMarch 25th, 10am – Extra Credit Opportunity – 10 pointsI. Metabolic Energy Systemsa. ATP-PC Systemi. Specificsii. Role during exerciseb. Glycolysisi. Specificsii. Rate controlling enzymes role during exercisec. Oxidative Phosphorylationi. Specifics ii. TCA cycleiii. Electron transport chainiv. Role during exercised. Lipid Metabolismi. Beta oxidatione. Integration of Energy SystemsII. ATP = Energya. ATP = body’s “energy currency”b. Breaking phosphate bonds through chemical reactions releases energyc. Energy used for muscle contraction and motiond. How does our body make ATP??III. Anaerobic vs. Aerobica. ATP produced through anaerobic and aerobic energy systemsb.c. We’re able to produce energy through anaerobic and aerobic meansd. The difference is oxygene. Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygeni. Anything you can do while holding your breath at the same timeii. Ex. Sprintingiii. High intensity activitiesf. These are not mutually exclusive, one is probably contributing more than the other when you exerciseIV. ATP-PC Systema. PC + ADP  ATP + Cb. How does our body get ATP?i. Firstly, the ATP-PC system is a single chemical reaction that uses what we already store in our muscles to create ATPii. PC – we have this stored already in our musclesiii. ADP – this is missing one phosphateiv. PC and ADP react and create ATP and creatine, which is leftover of the reactionV. Control of ATP-PC Systema. Creatine Kinasei. ADP or Pi activated Creating Kinaseii. ATP inhibits Creatine Kinaseb. Enzymes can either speed up or slow down a reaction based on the demand on feedback signals that say whether or not there is a demandc. If there is a lot of ATP, that would tell it that we are not using what we have so slow downd. Rate Limiting Enzyme (TQ)i. Its important to know what the rate limiting enzyme is for each of the systemsVI. Exercise and the ATP-PC Systema.b. This is used for explosive, power type of activitiesc. It is our first source of energyd. It is used primarily for something short duration related but this will come into play anytime you start doing anything for the first few secondse. It will kick in until others take overf. When is glycolysis used and where does it take place? (TQ)VII. Macronutrientsa. Carbs, proteins, and fatsb. All are importantc. Less than 1% of energy comes from protein d. Protein is more of an anabolic nutrient but you can use protein to create energye. Carbs and fats are the main source of energy for exerciseVIII. Anaerobic Glycolysisa. Glycogen or Glucose act as initial substrateb. Energy Investment Phasei. Use 2 ATPc. Energy Generation Phasei. Makes 4 ATPd. End product is Pyruvic acid which is converted to Lactic Acide. Carbs are super important because it produces energy anaerobically (so during high intensity workouts)f. The Energy investment phase is what it costs us IX. Net Equation for Glycolysisa. Glucose  2 ATP + 2 Lactate + H2Ob. This is for anaerobic glycolysisX. Energy Investment Phasea.b. #3 is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis (TQ)c. Hexokinase is non reversible – once it starts, it has to go ond.e. At #4, you see it split which is why we have two of the same thingXI. Energy Generation Phasea.b.c. We end with 2 molecules of 2 pyruvate which in anaerobic conditions, is converted to lactic acid, and in that step we use NADHXII. Glycogen vs. Glucosea.b. Note that there is no ATP cost here (TQ)c. Besides, that they’re basically the same.XIII. Exercise and Anaerobic Glycolysisa.b. ATP-PC and Glycolysis are happening in the cytosolXIV. Anaerobic Glycolysis vs. Oxidative Phosphorylationa. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactateb. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and begin the Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle/Krebs Cycle)c. Pyruvate will be converted to acetyl coA to start the krebs cycleXV. Mitochondria Structurea. The cristae is where the electron transport chain takes placeXVI. TCA Cycle Factsa. Also known as the Krebs Cycleb. Pyruvate from Glycolysis is shuttled into the mitochondria to start the reactionc. Cycle is made up of 8 distinct reactionsd. Two cycles are completed per G-6-P molecule broken down in Glycolysise. Per 1 molecule of glucose, we get two molecules of pyruvatef. Per 1 molecule of glucose, we go around the cycle twice (important)XVII. Pyruvate Conversiona.b.c.d. We don’t need to know the steps, just what is being producede. NADH – is a hydrogen shuttle because it starts as NAD, then picks up H and becomes NADH, and then takes H to the electron transport chain to make ATPf. FADH is another hydrogen shuttle that does basically the same thingg. GTP is converted to ATP and is basically the same as ATPh. Where we have GTP produced, that is called substrate phosphorylation because its being directly produced (important)XVIII. Control of TCA Cyclea. Isocitrate Dehydrogenasei. NADH and ATP inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenaseii. ADP, Pi, NAD, Ca activate isocitrate dehydrogenaseb. The rate limiting enzyme of this cycle is called isocitrate dehydrogenasec. If there is a lot of ATP or NADH, then we have plenty, so it will inhibit the cycle and the reactions and slow it downd. If we have a lot of ADP, NAD, then we need to keep going (because it’s the leftovers of ATP) and that means that we’re using a lot so we need to produce more fasterXIX.