KIN 3306 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Acute Muscle SorenessII. Delayed Onset Muscle SorenessIII. Damaged MuscleIV. Stages of DOMSV. DOMS Time CourseVI. Biphasic Inflammation ResponseVII. Treatment of DOMSVIII. Muscle AtrophyIX. SarcopeniaX. Muscle Loss and AgeXI. OverviewXII. Facts about VO2 MaxXIII. Fick Equation ComponentsXIV. Factors Contributing to Change in VO2maxXV. Fiber TypeXVI. Capillary SupplyXVII. Training and Capillary DensityXVIII. Myoglobin ContentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XIX. Mitochondrial FunctionXX. Training and Macronutrient UtilizationXXI. Muscle Fiber Fuel SourcesXXII. Training and the Crossover EffectXXIII. Cause of the Shift in CrossoverXXIV. Components of an Aerobic Training ProgramXXV. Volume/Intensity of TrainingXXVI. Interval TrainingXXVII. Continuous TrainingXXVIII. Lactate ThresholdOutline of Current Lecture I. OverviewII. Basic DefinitionsIII. Heart RateIV. DefinitionsV. HemodynamicsVI. Blood Distribution DiagramVII. Exercise and Blood FlowVIII. Autoregulation of Muscle Blood Flow during ExerciseIX. Oxygen ConsumptionX. Blood Pressure and Exercise IntensityXI. Exercise Intensity and the HeartXII. SV Increases with ExerciseXIII. Exercise Intensity and AVO2 DifferenceXIV. Steady State ResponsesXV. Long Duration ExerciseXVI. Summary of Exercise ResponseXVII. CV Training AdaptationsXVIII. Key ConceptsCurrent LectureI. Overviewa. Hemodynamicsb. Blood Flow Redistribution during Exercisec. CV Responsesd. Oxygen Transporti. Myoglobin vs. Hemoglobinii. Effect of Body Temperature, pH, and 2,3 DPGe. CO2 Transport in the Bloodf. Ventilatory control during exerciseg. Training AdaptationsII. Basic Definitionsa. Heart Rateb. Resting Heart Ratec. Maximum Heart Ratei. HRmax = 220 – ageii. HRmax = 208 – (0.7 x age)d. Steady State Heart Ratee. Note: HR is how many times the heart beats per minute. For the resting HR, the more trained you are, the lower it will be, approximately around the 50s or 60s. Maximum HR is the highest your heart rate can get when you are doing maximal intensity exercise. It is hard to measure so we just use those two equations. The first equation is the traditional one and the second one is the newer, more accurate one.III. Heart Ratea. Useful for Exercise Prescriptionb. Monitor Individual Sessionsc. Track Training Progressd. Overtraininge. Note: HR is a useful measurement because it is easy to measure. For exercise prescription, a trainer will tell a client to work at a certain percent of their max HR so they know between low intensity and high intensity days and also monitor the client to see if they are work hard or slacking off; so basically you can set the intensity for them. You can track progress by seeing how as you train a certain workout, the same workout wont raise your HR after a certain amount of time; this is a sign that you are adapting and making progress. Overtraining is a clinicalproblem. Some symptoms are chronic soreness that does not go away. There is also mental fogginess and lack of interest. The HR can get weird with overtraining because at a given intensity, it’s a lot higher that it should be or vice versa.f. Note: HR is a physiological way to track progressIV. Definitionsa. Stroke Volumei. Volume of venous blood returned to the heartii. Ventricular distensibilityiii. Ventricular contractilityiv. Aortic/Pulmonary artery pressureb. SV increases with exercisei. Frank-Starling Mechanismii. Contractilityc. Cardiac Output (Q)i. HR x SVii. Resting Q = 5.0 L/miniii. Maximal Q = 20-40 L/mind. Cardiac Cyclei. All electrical and mechanical events of one heart beatii. Systole to systolee. Note: SV is how much blood the heart pumps per beat – its how much the heart squishes out. Ventricular distensibility is the more the ventricles can stretch, the more you can pump. Contractibility is how hard the ventricles can contract – the harder they contract, the more blood will come out. A/P pressure is when you’re working against more pressure, it will be harder to pump. Q is how many times the heart beats per minute x how much blood is coming out per pump. With exercise, it will increase to about 20-40 L/min and the more trained you are, the higher it will be.V. Hemodynamicsa. Study of the interrelationship between pressure, resistance, and flowi. Blood flow = change in pressure/resistanceb. Blood flows from high (ventricle) to low (aorta, pulmonary artery) pressure.c. Vasoconstriction/dilation alters resistance and impacts blod flowd. Note: Hemodynamics is how the pressure resistance will dictate blood flow and where it goes in the body – you don’t need to know the equation. Blood will from high pressure to low pressure. As it contracts (which is from pressure) it will go into the arteries and distribute it throughout the body. It does not equally flow everywhere because there is resistance that happens in parts of the body that directs how much is going where. Vasoconstriction creates higher pressure so that the blood wont want to go there versus vasodilation where the blood wants to go because there is low pressure. e. Note: Blood does not flow equally throughout all of the blood vessels.VI. Blood Distribution Diagrama.b. Note: At the bottom panel, it shows the blood distribution at rest and the percentages show how much is flowing to these parts of the body. At the top panel, it shows the blood distribution during exercise and everything is reduced under 5% with a huge shift of blood going towards the active skeletal muscle.VII. Exercise and Blood Flowa.b. Note: You have more blood in general being pumped throughout the body here. There is a huge increase in blood going to the skeletal muscle. Blood will buffer out acid and waste products and dissipate the heat and take it away.VIII. Autoregulation of Muscle Blood Flow during Exercisea. Local withdrawal of sympathetic vasoconstriction (vasodilation)b. Blood flow increases to meet metabolic demandc. Stimuli:i. Decrease in O2 tensionii. Increase in CO2 tensioniii. Decrease in pH (increase in H+)iv. Change in potassiumv. Change in adenosinevi. Nitric oxided. Note: When we exercise, the SNS is activated and this system will initiate full body vasoconstriction and make everything tight so what happens is that at the active skeletal muscle, you have different by products that will signal for vasodilation there. Local