KIN 3306 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. OverviewII. Energy PathwaysIII. Protein MetabolismIV. Aerobic Exercise and O2 ConsumptionV. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continuedVI. Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continuedVII. Energy ExpenditureVIII. Fitness Level – VO2maxIX. Bruce ProtocolX. VO2max DataXI. Substrate UtilizationXII. Respiratory Exchange RatioXIII. Respiratory Exchange RatioXIV. The Crossover EffectXV. Oxygen Consumption LimitationXVI. Exercise TransitionXVII. Reset TransitionXVIII. Possible Explanations for EPOCThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XIX. Why is Lactate produced during Anaerobic Exercise?XX. Lactic AcidXXI. Bicarbonate SystemXXII. Lactate ThresholdXXIII. Lactate Threshold continuedXXIV. Does Lactic Acid Cause Fatigue?XXV. Cytosolic Redox PotentialXXVI. Causes of FatigueXXVII. Glycogen DepletionXXVIII. Glycogen Depletion and Exercise IntensityXXIX. CHO and Glycogen StorageXXX. CHO LoadingOutline of Current Lecture I. OverviewII. Regulation of Glucose MetabolismIII. GlucagonIV. Epinephrine and NorepinephrineV. CortisolVI. Short-Duration ExerciseVII. Long-Duration ExerciseVIII. Blood Glucose Exercise ResponseIX. InsulinX. Insulin, Blood Glucose, ExerciseXI. Regulation of Fat MetabolismXII. CortisolXIII. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine XIV. Growth HormoneXV. Fat Metabolism During ExerciseXVI. Regulation of Blood PlasmaXVII. AldosteroneXVIII. Signal for Aldosterone ReleaseXIX. Renin-Angiotensin-AldosteroneXX. ADHXXI. ADH LoopXXII. Maintenance of Blood PlasmaCurrent LectureI. Overviewa. Hormones that mediate specific actions during exercise:i. Regulation of glucose metabolismii. Regulation of fat metabolismiii. Regulation of blood plasmab. The endocrine system plays a role in coordinating and making sure the substratesare available when they need to be available.c. Blood plasma is the water part and it’s important because it’s the fluidity of the blood. If it becomes too viscous, its hard for our body to pump blood.II. Regulation of Glucose Metabolisma. Controlled by 5 hormonesi. Insulin (rest only)1. Type 1 diabetics don’t produce insulinii. Glucagon1. Does the opposite of insuliniii. Epinephrine1. Adrenaline iv. Norepinephrine1. Noradrenalinev. Cortisol1. Stress hormoneb. During exercise blood glucose is affected by 3 factors:i. Liver release of glucoseii. Muscle uptake of glucoseiii. Dietary intake of glucosec. The point of this is making sure your blood glucose concentration is maintained at resting levels. The liver is a storage place for glycogen. It will get broken down and released into the blood. The dietary intake of glucose refers to whether or not you are on a high carb diet or low carb diet, etc.III. Glucagona. Secretion Site: Pancreas (alpha cells)b. Action: Cause liver glycogen breakdown and glucose release to bloodc. Exercise Response: Positively correlated to exercise intensityd. Effect of Chronic Exercise: Decrease at given intensity compared to untrained individuale. Glucagon is the opposite of insulin. Insulin makes cells take up glucose so glucose causes the liver to breakdown the supply of glycogen and release it to the blood. As you start exercising, glucose is going to secrete and that correlates to exercise intensity. Training over time? – There will be a smaller glucagon response to the same stimulus. Here, the crossover point will shift.IV. Epinephrine and Norepinephrinea. Secretion Site: Adrenal medulla and SNS b. Action: Works with glucagonc. Exercise Response: positively correlated to exercise intensity (intensity > 50-75% of max effort)d. Effect of Chronic Exercise: Decrease at given intensity compared to untrained individuale. AKA catecholamines AKA adrenaline. These are flight or flight response hormones. SNS (sympathetic nervous system) is also known as the fight or flight system while the PNS (parasympathetic nervous system) is known as the resting and digesting nervous system. The harder you run, the greater amount of catecholamines are released to the blood, if it is over 50% of the max. The moretrained you are, the more able you are to use fat metabolism at higher intensities.V. Cortisola. Secretion Site: Adrenal cortexb. Action: Increase in protein catabolism, increase blood amino acids for gluconeogenesisc. Exercise Response: Positively correlated to exercise intensity (>80% max effort)d. Effect of chronic exercise: Slight increase at given intensity compared to untrained individuale. AKA stress hormone. Amino acids will be taken to the liver and converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis). Cortisol plays a role in fat metabolism.VI. Short-Duration Exercisea. High intensity = i. Greater catecholamine release =ii. Greater release of glucose from liverb. 40-50% increase in blood glucosec. Replenishes muscle glycogen storesd. After sprints, blood glucose goes up because of the intensity and the rush of liver glycogen release. Once you rest in-between sprints, the blood glucose that is available is up took by the muscles to replenish glycogen stores. Insulin signals muscle uptake of glucose so you just maintain a high blood sugar if you’re diabetic.VII. Long Duration Exercisea. Glucose production = demandb. Liver glycogen stores are a limiting factorc. Blood glucose concentration may decreased. Glucagon/cortisol  gluconeogenesis e. CHO intake beneficialf. As you train, as the demand goes along, it is met by this hormonal response. You have what you need. So your glucose levels should stay level. Cho during exercise can be important – like eating jellybeans and Gatorade throughout exercise. It will keep your blood glucose from dropping too low.VIII. Blood Glucose Exercise Responsea. All hormones work together to maintain glucose levels at or close to resting values. This refers to duration, not intensity. Glucagon spikes in the beginning and flattens out. Cortisol responds in the beginning and tapers off because we’re under 80% max. Catecholamines keep rising.IX. Insulin a. Secretion Site: pancreas (beta cells)b. Action: Glucose uptake by muscle at rest, regulating blood glucose concentrationc. Exercise Response: Not released during exercise; receptors more sensitive, thus less insulin requiredd. Effect of Chronic Exercise: No exercise responsee. The primary controller of glucose is insulin. It signals the cells to take up glucose. During exercise, there is not a