ANSC 250 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I Officer Chew Roles of police dogs Outline of Current Lecture I Equine industry II Evolution of the horse III Reasons for horse domestication IV Horse contribution to economy V Basic needs of healthy horse VI Factors that influence basic horse needs VII Horse management VIII Options of unwanted horse IX Horse meat X Horse shelters XI Feral horse management Current Lecture I II The equine industry in the 21st century is confounded by meeting horse needs with people needs a Some reasons for challenging management issues are i All ill defined and shifting categorization of the horse as a livestock animal ii Different management practices iii Differences in human ideologies of animal care iv Global views on horse production Evolution of the horse a Physically got bigger neck got bigger i The various breeds of horses requires different management needs because body attributes can be significantly different b Behaviorally became more social i The natural behavior of horses remains relatively unchanged b Take home message i The changing physical attributes but consistent behavior of horses presents challenging management and legislative decisions b Horses evolved in North America i Modern horses Equus originated in North America 4 million years ago ii Horses spread to Eurasia and become extinct in North America These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute iii II II II Spanish conquistadors reintroduced horses to North America in the 16th century iv North American horses are considered a feral species b There are over 200 different breeds of horses Reasons for horse domestication a Draft animals b Food milk and meat c Transportation riding d War e Agriculture i Farming ii Ranching b Pleasure c Sporting d USA warfare e Current uses of horses in the USA i Agriculture ii Sport iii Pleasure iv Health b The horse industry is large and diverse Horse contribution to economy a Horse industry accounts for 102 billion of the US economy both directly and indirectly b 460 000 full time jobs are provided by the horse industry c Every state in the US has horses Illinois has about 200 000 horses d Do you need to work with horses or have a science degree to find a job in the horse industry List some examples i No there are careers indirectly connected with horses ex Engineer attorney accountant reporter journalism sales lab technician researcher teacher b Other jobs i Veterinarian riding instructor show manager trainer farm manager artificial inseminator groom farrier Basic needs of healthy horse a Horse health involves both mental and physical components that are highly dependent upon one another b The 4 F s i Fluids i Friends Horses are social animals 1 Mental and physical health depends upon social interaction 2 Wild and feral horses live in herds consisting of a One stallion b Mares and foals c Stallion bands 2 II II This is important for a Grooming b Stress c Safety d Overall health ii Forage Horses are grazers 1 Horses constantly graze throughout the day which is critical to preventing colic 2 Colic abdominal pain or indigestion and is the leading cause of horse death ii Freedom Horses are constant movers 1 Horses need constant movement to prevent a Colic b Stocking up swelling edema in the legs 2 Movement promotes a Circulation b Warmth c Nutrient variety when grazing Factors that influence basic horse needs a Two factors usually determine how or if horse needs are met i Management ii Cost b The type of facility will determine much of the cost of keeping a horse Horse management a Horse management is subjective b There are many methods of horse management and most depend upon the use of the horse c Many times horses are shown the care that humans would expect of themselves which can be detrimental to horse health d Horse management is often affected by cost i The type of horse facility will determine much of the cost of keeping a horse ii Some factors include 1 Pasture or hay availability 2 Amount and type of grain fed 3 Farrier work 4 Immunizations 5 Veterinary care 6 Injury 7 Miscellaneous expenses ii Take home message 1 The cost of keeping a horse is variable depending upon location economy and facilities b Some physical attributes of domesticated horses are different than feral horses i Management and health challenges can be caused by II II 1 Selective breeding 2 Mismanagement 3 Strenuous activity ii Changes to physical attributes can affect horse performance b Contributions to the controversy of horse management i How do we manage the horse ii How should a horse be managed iii Who has the knowledge to manage a horse iv Who has the capacity to manage a horse v Are there any regulations 1 Are ownership regulations ethical b Poor management presents problems of national concern i Problems we encounter with poor management 1 Health risks 2 Overpopulation a Managed by Bureau of Land Management b Contraceptive efforts are federally funded 2 Malnourishment 3 The unwanted horse ii Poor management creates health risks 1 Colic 2 Founder 3 Vices 4 Unsoundness 5 Stress 6 Injury b Current challenging circumstances i What happens when a horse s needs are not met ii What do you do with a horse that you cannot afford iii What do you do with a horse that no longer serves the purpose it was intended for iv What do you do when a horse is no longer valuable v Who can you sell it to vi What will they do with it vii What if nobody wants it Options of unwanted horse a Sold or gifted b Slaughter c Neglected abandoned Horse meat a Eating horse meat is NOT un American more protein less fat less sodium more iron less cholesterol etc b US FDA Regulations i Federal Meat Inspection Act b 1 Withdrawal times for food animals experimentally determined 2 Withdrawal times not established for horses 3 Horses in the US not raised and medicated for human food consumption 4 Many horses receive medications banned by the USDA ii Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2010 1 Animal Identification 2 Record of medical treatments six months prior to slaughter ii Medicine not for use in horses intended for food 1 Ketoprofen 2 Phenylbutazone 3 Acepromazine maleate 4 Omeprazole GastroGard 5 Ivermectin 6 Xylazine HCL Horse slaughter in the US i 2005 1 Congress withholds funding for USDA inspection of horse meat 2 USDA allows slaughterhouses to pay for their own inspections ii 2007