ANSC 250 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I. Officer Chew- Roles of police dogs Outline of Current Lecture I. Equine industry II. Evolution of the horseIII. Reasons for horse domesticationIV. Horse contribution to economyV. Basic needs of healthy horseVI. Factors that influence basic horse needsVII. Horse managementVIII. Options of unwanted horseIX. Horse meatX. Horse sheltersXI. Feral horse managementCurrent LectureI. The equine industry in the 21st century is confounded by meeting horse needs with people needs a. Some reasons for challenging management issues are: i. All ill-defined and shifting categorization of the horse as a livestock animalii. Different management practicesiii. Differences in human ideologies of animal careiv. Global views on horse productionII. Evolution of the horsea. Physically- got bigger, neck got biggeri. The various breeds of horses requires different management needs because body attributes can be significantly differentb. Behaviorally- became more social i. The natural behavior of horses remains relatively unchangedb. Take home message:i. The changing physical attributes but consistent behavior of horses presents challenging management and legislative decisions b. Horses evolved in North America i. Modern horses "Equus" originated in North America ~4 million years agoii. Horses spread to Eurasia and become extinct in North America These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Spanish conquistadors reintroduced horses to North America in the 16th centuryiv. North American horses are considered a feral speciesb. There are over 200 different breeds of horses II. Reasons for horse domesticationa. Draft animals b. Food: milk and meatc. Transportation/ridingd. Ware. Agriculturei. Farmingii. Ranchingb. Pleasurec. Sporting d. USA warfare e. Current uses of horses in the USAi. Agricultureii. Sport iii. Pleasureiv. Healthb. The horse industry is large and diverseII. Horse contribution to economya. Horse industry accounts for $102 billion of the US economy both directly and indirectlyb. 460,000 full-time jobs are provided by the horse industryc. Every state in the US has horses (Illinois has about 200,000 horses)d. Do you need to work with horses (or have a science degree) to find a job in the horseindustry? List some examples. i. No! there are careers indirectly connected with horses (ex. Engineer, attorney, accountant, reporter, journalism, sales, lab technician, researcher/teacher) b. Other jobs: i. Veterinarian, riding instructor, show manager, trainer, farm manager, artificial inseminator, groom, farrier II. Basic needs of healthy horse a. Horse health involves both mental and physical components that are highly dependent upon one anotherb. The 4 F's: i. Fluidsi. Friends- Horses are social animals 1. Mental and physical health depends upon social interaction2. Wild and feral horses live in herds consisting of:a. One stallionb. Mares and foals c. Stallion bands2. This is important for:a. Groomingb. Stressc. Safetyd. Overall healthii. Forage- Horses are grazers1. Horses constantly graze throughout the day, which is critical to preventingcolic2. Colic- abdominal pain or indigestion and is the leading cause of horse death ii. Freedom- Horses are constant movers1. Horses need constant movement to prevent:a. Colicb. Stocking up: swelling edema in the legs2. Movement promotes:a. Circulation b. Warmthc. Nutrient variety when grazing II. Factors that influence basic horse needsa. Two factors usually determine how or if horse needs are met:i. Managementii. Costb. The type of facility will determine much of the cost of keeping a horse II. Horse managementa. Horse management is subjectiveb. There are many methods of horse management and most depend upon the use of the horsec. Many times, horses are shown the care that humans would expect of themselves, which can be detrimental to horse healthd. Horse management is often affected by costi. The type of horse facility will determine much of the cost of keeping a horseii. Some factors include:1. Pasture or hay availability2. Amount and type of grain fed 3. Farrier work4. Immunizations5. Veterinary care6. Injury7. Miscellaneous expensesii. Take home message:1. The cost of keeping a horse is variable depending upon location, economy, and facilitiesb. Some physical attributes of domesticated horses are different than feral horsesi. Management and health challenges can be caused by:1. Selective breeding2. Mismanagement3. Strenuous activityii. Changes to physical attributes can affect horse performanceb. Contributions to the controversy of horse managementi. How do we manage the horse?ii. How should a horse be managed?iii. Who has the knowledge to manage a horse?iv. Who has the capacity to manage a horse?v. Are there any regulations?1. Are ownership regulations ethical?b. Poor management presents problems of national concerni. Problems we encounter with poor management:1. Health risks2. Overpopulationa. Managed by Bureau of Land Managementb. Contraceptive efforts are federally funded2. Malnourishment3. The unwanted horse ii. Poor management creates health risks 1. Colic2. Founder3. Vices4. Unsoundness 5. Stress6. Injuryb. Current challenging circumstancesi. What happens when a horse's needs are not met?ii. What do you do with a horse that you cannot afford?iii. What do you do with a horse that no longer serves the purpose it was intendedfor?iv. What do you do when a horse is no longer valuable?v. Who can you sell it to?vi. What will they do with it?vii. What if nobody wants it?II. Options of unwanted horsea. Sold or giftedb. Slaughterc. Neglected/abandonedII. Horse meata. (Eating horse meat is NOT un-American- more protein, less fat, less sodium, more iron, less cholesterol, etc.)b. US FDA Regulations i. Federal Meat Inspection Act1. Withdrawal times for food animals experimentally determined2. Withdrawal times not established for horses3. Horses in the US not raised and medicated for human food consumption4. Many horses receive medications banned by the USDAii. Canadian Food Inspection Agency 20101. Animal Identification2. Record of medical treatments six-months prior to slaughter ii. Medicine "not for use in horses intended for food"1. Ketoprofen2. Phenylbutazone 3. Acepromazine maleate4. Omeprazole (GastroGard)5. Ivermectin 6. Xylazine HCL b. Horse slaughter in the USi. 20051. Congress